BIOL1008 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Salivary Gland, Gastrointestinal Tract, Esophagus
Lecture 6
Why is digestion important?
- Digestion makes the molecules require for life available for absorption
- Body uses molecules for energy, growth, and maintenance
- Healthy body: absorption of water, monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids and
glycerol, vitamins and minerals within an appropriate range
Macro molecules broken down into smaller sub units (which can then be absorbed by small
intestine)
Activities of the digestive system
- Ingestion of food into mouth
- Mechanical and chemical digestion of food to produce chime
- Movement of digesta along digestive tract
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- Absorption of released nutrients
- Microbial activity
- Monitoring/ regulation of intake
Elimination of indigestible substances and waste products via defecation
Anatomy of the digestive system
- Digestive tract/ alimentary canal/ GIT
Mouth to anus (9m long)
Tube covered by mucosa with glands that produce secretions to help digestion
- Accessory organs
Secrete fluid/ enzymes into digestive tract
Salivary glands
Liver, pancreas release secretions through ducts into intestine for chemical
digestion
- Specialised organs, tissues, and cells
Oral cavity
- Lips, cheeks, tongue
Biting and chewing (mechanical) chops food into small pieces for swallowing
- Three pairs of salivary glands (accessory organs)
Parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands
Produce saliva through ducts into mouth
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Saliva
- Mixture of serous and mucous fluids
- Serous (watery) component
Moistens food for swallowing
Dissolves food for tasting
Contains enzyme amylase (carbohydrates → di- then monosaccharides, start of
chemical digestion)
- Mucous component
Lubricates food
Enzyme lysozyme is antibacterial
Oesophagus
- Muscular contractions of the oesophagus occur in peristaltic waves (pushing food
towards stomach)
Waves of relaxation followed by waves of contraction along a tube
- The waves push food towards stomach (against gravity as well)
The stomach
- Mechanical and chemical action
- Huge muscular sac (1-3L) which acts like a food processor
- Food churned for mechanical breakdown
- Mixed with stomach secretions → chyme
- Food stays for 2-4 h
- Gradually moves by peristaltic waves into small intestine
Mechanical action of the stomach
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Document Summary
Digestion makes the molecules require for life available for absorption. Body uses molecules for energy, growth, and maintenance. Healthy body: absorption of water, monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol, vitamins and minerals within an appropriate range. Macro molecules broken down into smaller sub units (which can then be absorbed by small intestine) Mechanical and chemical digestion of food to produce chime. Elimination of indigestible substances and waste products via defecation. Tube covered by mucosa with glands that produce secretions to help digestion. Liver, pancreas release secretions through ducts into intestine for chemical digestion. Biting and chewing (mechanical) chops food into small pieces for swallowing. Three pairs of salivary glands (accessory organs) Contains enzyme amylase (carbohydrates di- then monosaccharides, start of chemical digestion) Muscular contractions of the oesophagus occur in peristaltic waves (pushing food towards stomach) Waves of relaxation followed by waves of contraction along a tube. The waves push food towards stomach (against gravity as well)