ANHB1102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Respiratory Epithelium, Pleural Cavity, Mucous Membrane

96 views11 pages

25 May 2018

School

UWA

Department

Anatomy and Human Biology/Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology

Course

ANHB1102

Professor

Fiona O'Shea

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Respiratory Notes:

-Respiration: the exchange of gases bet2ween the atmosphere, blood and the cells

-movement of air from outside the body into the lungs (inspiration/expiration)

-exchange of gases from the lungs to the blood (external respiration)

-exchange of gases from the blood to the cells (internal respiration)

Gross Anatomy of Respiratory System:

Functions of Respiratory System:

-Move air into and from the body (for O2 and CO2 exchange)

-Non-respiratory Functions:

-Provide nonspeciﬁc defences against pathogens

-Homeostasis of body ﬂuids (especially pH)

-Vocal communication

-Olfaction

Development of Respiratory System:

-4 Weeks: Buds of foregut endoderm form pleural cavity

-5 Weeks: Buds continue to grow and branch (secondary bronchi)

-8 Weeks: Mesoderm forms cartilages, muscle, connective tissue supports

-24 Weeks: alveoli developed sufﬁciently for survival

-24-28 Weeks: surfactant production begins and production increases in ﬁnal two months in utero

(prevents alveoli cell walls from sticking together)

-Birth/First Breath: ﬁrst gasp takes supreme effort, and lungs are never completely empty again

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 11 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

Respiratory Mucosa and Epithelium:

-Mucous membrane = respiratory epithelium + underlying connective tissue

-Respiratory epithelium = pseudo stratiﬁed ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

-Connective tissue with mucous and serous glands + blood sinusoids

-Mucosa lines entire tract down to respiratory bronchioles

Gross Anatomy and Function of Respiratory Tract:

Nasal Cavity: Functions:

-Modiﬁes air entering respiratory tract

-Warms - blood sinusoids (very vascular)

-Moistens - glands (e.g mucous glands)

-Cleans - cilia + mucous and hairs

-Olfaction: sense of smell

-Specialised epithelium detect smell -> CNS

Pharynx & Larynx:

-Swallowing: epiglottis folds

down onto larynx to prevent

food and liquid entering the

trachea and directs it into the

esophagus

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 11 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

Larynx:

-Comprised of

cartilages, ligaments

and muscles

-Functions:

-Protects the airway

(cough reﬂex)

-Phonation

(production of

speech sounds)

Trachea:

-Leads from larynx to primary

bronchi

-Lined with respiratory epithelium

-C shaped cartilages support wall

-Rings are not complete to allow

for stretch of esophagus when

food travels through it

-Receptors detect temperature and

pressure (e.g if food enters)

Lungs:

-Left lung has only 2 lobes to allow for heart

-Lobes are completely separate from each other

-Right lung is shorter due to diaphragm and liver

Pleura:

-Visceral pleura covers the surface of the lungs and

extends into the ﬁssures

-Parietal pleura adheres to the mediastinum, inner surface

of rib cage and superior surface of diaphragm

-Pleural cavity contains pleural ﬂuid and is a potential

space (normally no room between membranes)

-Functions:

1. Reduction of friction: pleural ﬂuid acts as lubricant

and enables lungs to expand and contract with

minimal friction

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 11 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

Document Summary

Respiration: the exchange of gases bet2ween the atmosphere, blood and the cells. Movement of air from outside the body into the lungs (inspiration/expiration) Exchange of gases from the lungs to the blood (external respiration) Exchange of gases from the blood to the cells (internal respiration) Move air into and from the body (for o2 and co2 exchange) 4 weeks: buds of foregut endoderm form pleural cavity. 5 weeks: buds continue to grow and branch (secondary bronchi) 8 weeks: mesoderm forms cartilages, muscle, connective tissue supports. 24 weeks: alveoli developed suf ciently for survival. 24-28 weeks: surfactant production begins and production increases in nal two months in utero (prevents alveoli cell walls from sticking together) Birth/first breath: rst gasp takes supreme effort, and lungs are never completely empty again. Mucous membrane = respiratory epithelium + underlying connective tissue. Respiratory epithelium = pseudo strati ed ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells. Connective tissue with mucous and serous glands + blood sinusoids.

Related Questions

QUESTION 1

Cellular respiration uses________to produce energy and releases ________as a waste product.

		O₂; CO₂
		CO₂; O₂
		ATP; G3P
		G3P; ATP

5 points

QUESTION 2

Select all of the following that compose the conducting pathways in the respiratory system.

		nasal cavity
		Pharynx
		Larynx
		Trachea
		Bronchi
		Alveoli

5 points

QUESTION 3

Match each structure with its' function.

- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Nasal Cavity
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Alveoli
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Larynx
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Trachea
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Bronchi
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Bronchioles
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Pharynx

A.	Throat
B.	Very small branches of bronchi within the lungs.
C.	Larger branching passages for air within the lungs.
D.	Location of gas exchange with the blood.
E.	Carries air from larynx and branches into bronchi.
F.	Location of the voice box, earliest location where only air passes.
G.	Carry air into the pharynx, earliest location of cleaning, warming, and humidifying the air.

8 points

QUESTION 4

Mammals are able to inhale because increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity will decrease the pressure within the lungs. This is called_____

		pump-controlled breathing
		forced inflation breathing
		negative-pressure breathing
		stretch breathing

6 points

QUESTION 5

Indentify which muscles are primarily responsible for quiet (normal, relaxed) inspiration?

		diaphragm
		internal intercostals
		sclaenes
		abdominal muscles

coffeepig115

1. Match the word 1-39 above, with the descriptions labled a-t. Word 1-39 can be uses only one please!!

1. alveolar macrophages 2. alveoli 3. Bohr effect 4. bronchi 5. bronchiole 6. cerebral cortex 7. chloride shift 8. compliance 9. costal breathing 10. Daltonâs law 11. diaphragmatic breathing 12. epiglottis 13. eupnea 14. expiratory reserve volume 15. fauces 16. functional residual capacity 17. Haldane effect 18. Henryâs law 19. hilum 20. hypothalamus 21. inferior, middle, and superior nasal meatuses 22. inspiratory capacity 23. larynx 24. limbic system 25. medulla oblongata 26. nose 27. paranasal sinuses 28. pharynx 29. pleural membranes 30. pons 31. primary bronchus 32. secondary bronchus 33. surface tension 34. surfactant 35. terminal bronchiole 36. tertiary bronchus 37. total lung capacity 38. trachea 39. vital capacity

a) -------------------- serves as a sound resonating chamber; contains tonsils; directs air inferiorly

b) ------------------- passes air from pharynx into windpipe; site of sound production

c) ------------------ resonate(s) sound; not part of pharynx

D) ------------------ opening from oral cavity into pharynx

E) ----------------- carries air to a segment of a lung

F) -------------------- carries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole

G) ----------------- surround the lungs

H) ------------------ reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange

i) -------------------- actual sites of gas exchange

j) --------------------- normal, quiet breathing

k) ----------------------- shallow breathing using just the external intercostal muscles

l) ------------------ amount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest wall

m) ------------------- tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually about 3600 mL in males

n) ----------------- tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 4800 mL in males

o) ------------------- residual volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 2400 mL in males

p) -------------------- states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas and its solubility

q) ---------------- when pH decreases, O₂ saturation of hemoglobin decreases

r) ------------------ each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own partial pressure

s) ------------------- sets basic rhythm of breathing

t) ------------------------ includes the pontine respiratory group

skywasp336

1. Which of the following are considered blood vessels within the cardiovascular system? (Select all that apply.)

Veins

Arteries \

Epithelial tissue

Capillaries

Epidermis

2. The middle muscle layer found in the walls of the heart is the __________.

Myocardium

Epicardium

Endocardium

Aorta

3. Blood is transported throughout the body via ___________.

Veins
Arteries

Capillaries

All of the above

4. The right atrium receives blood from all parts of the body except the ______________.

Abdominal cavity

Lungs

Dorsal cavity

Cranium

5. Blood carries which of the following?

Oxygen and cellular waste

Oxygen, nutrients, hormones, enzymes, and cellular waste

Nutrients, hormones, enzymes

Oxygen, nutrients, enzymes

6. Vocal chords are found in the ____________.

Bronchus

Trachea

Larynx and Pharynx

Nasal cavity

7. The trachea is mostly lined by ________________.

Alveoli

Ciliated

mucous membrane

Lung capillaries
Vocal chords

8. Excess CO2 from the body is __________________.

Stored in the pancreas

Digested by cells

Excreted by the respiration process

Used to make ATP

9. CO2 from the body is released into the lungs via _________________.

Ciliated mucous membrane

Alveolar air

Nasal cavity

Bronchial tree

10. The principal function(s) of gas exchange is ____________________.

To supply cells with oxygen

To remove CO2 from the body

Both A and B

Neither of the above

One of the most common chronic conditions affecting the respiratory system is asthma. Asthma is a condition characterized by inflammation of the airways. When an asthma attack is triggered, the airways become even more inflamed and can restrict breathing. Common symptoms during an asthma attacks include coughing, wheezing, tightness in the chest and shortness of breath. Severe asthma attacks can be fatal. People with a family history of asthma are more likely to have the condition. While there is no cure for asthma, proper medical care and a management plan can help to maintain quality of life for people living with asthma. There are different types of asthma, each with their own triggers and management plans. Type Description Exercise-induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB), or Exercise-induced Asthma (EIA) Some people only experience asthma symptoms during exercise. Exercise-induced asthma causes the narrowing of airways during exercise, which restricts the flow of air to and from the lungs. Cold, dry air tends to exacerbate symptoms, while warm, humid air may reduce symptoms. People with exercise-induced asthma should work with their doctor to create a management plan that still allows them to exercise while keeping their symptoms under control. Allergic Asthma Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma. It is triggered by inhaling allergen particulates, such as dust mites, pollen, pet dander, or mold. The bodyâs reaction to the allergens causes inflammation that results in coughing, wheezing, and other symptoms of asthma. Occupational Asthma Occupational asthma is caused by the frequent inhalation (breathing) of gases, fumes, dust, or other harmful substances in the workplace. Employees working in the chemical or petroleum industries are frequently exposed to chemicals such as Sulphur dioxide or hydrochloric acid, and may develop occupational asthma after prolonged exposure. Childhood Asthma Childhood asthma is usually developed before age 5. It is a condition that affects millions of children. It is vital that childhood asthma is properly controlled to prevent damage to the developing lungs Risk factors: â¢ Allergies â¢ Family history â¢ Frequent respiratory infections â¢ Low birth-weight â¢ Second-hand smoke â¢ Residing in a low-income, urban environment

Asthma symptoms that are triggered by exposure to pollen, pet dander, mold, or dust mites is indicative of which of the following types of asthma:

Occupational asthma

Childhood asthma

Allergic asthma

Exercise-induced asthma

aquamarinecaribou889

ANHB1102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Respiratory Epithelium, Pleural Cavity, Mucous Membrane

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

ANHB1102 Study Guide - Final Guide: Cellular Respiration, Pulmonary Vein, Hypoventilation

ANHB1102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Nasal Septum, Hypoventilation, Bronchus

ANHB1102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Respiratory Epithelium, Bronchial Artery, Nasal Septum

Related Questions