BIO1022 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Chromosome, Intron, Base Pair

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6 Jun 2018

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Lecture 2 (28/7): Molecular Biology

DNA: transcription, translation and mutation

· DNA is read in 3’s: AUG AAG

· Codon table: What the 3 bases codes

· Watson and Crick designed the DNA double helix

Translation initiation

· Occurs by the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiator tRNA (pre-tRNA) at the start codon on the

mRNA.

Translation termination

· Occurs when a ribosome reaches the codon UAG, UAA or UGA on an mRNA strand than protein synthesis

is terminated

Polymorphism

· A discontinuous genetic variation

· Results in the occurrence of several different forms or types of individuals

· Individuals are among the members of a single species

· Eg; skin colour, height

Mutation

· Occurs when a DNA gene is damaged or changed

· The genetic message carried by that gene is altered

· Eg; Dwarfism

What causes mutations

· Oxidate damage from normal cellular metabolism

· Errors in the process of DNA replication or DNA recombination

o An improper/incorrect base has been put in place

o Still failure rates

· Chemicals

o Eg; chemical mutagens and chemicals in tobacco

· Radiation

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Document Summary

Dna is read in 3"s: aug aag. Codon table: what the 3 bases codes. Watson and crick designed the dna double helix. Occurs by the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiator trna (pre-trna) at the start codon on the mrna. Occurs when a ribosome reaches the codon uag, uaa or uga on an mrna strand than protein synthesis is terminated. Results in the occurrence of several different forms or types of individuals. Individuals are among the members of a single species. Occurs when a dna gene is damaged or changed. The genetic message carried by that gene is altered. Errors in the process of dna replication or dna recombination: an improper/incorrect base has been put in place, still failure rates. Chemicals: eg; chemical mutagens and chemicals in tobacco. Radiation: eg; uv, x-ray and gamma. Different cell types in the human body have developed from a single sperm and egg. However, they have many differences in their structure and function.

Related Questions

13. The arms of a human and the wing of a bat are _________________ structures, composed of the same bones that have been modified for different functions.

analogous

vestigial

c.	homologous

d.	convergent

14. Xeroderma pigmentosum is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. People who are homozygous for the disease-causing allele have skin that is damaged by exposure to ultraviolet radiation; this can lead to skin cancer at an early age. The mutation that causes this disorder is in a gene that functions:

a.	to repair DNA by excising (removing) nucleotides damaged by UV light.

b.	in lysosomes, to break down lipids that otherwise accumulate in the nervous system.

c.	to produce the UV blocking pigment melanin in the skin cells

d.	in red blood cells to carry oxygen to the skin.

15. The Amish are a religious sect descended from a small group of colonists who came to the United States over 200 years ago. Their religious beliefs have kept them isolated from society. The Amish have a much higher than average incidence of both polydactyly (extra fingers and toes) and dwarfism in their communities. This is most likely explained by:

a.	inheritance of acquired characters.

b.	the founder effect.

c.	disruptive selection.

d.	natural selection.

16. In the structure of DNA that Watson and Crick proposed, the sides of the "ladder" of the DNA molecule are always the same distance apart, making the molecule a constant width. This occurs because when the bases hydrogen bond to form the rungs of the "ladder", a:

a.	purine always pairs with a pyrimidine.

b.	purine always pairs with a purine.

c.	pyrimidine always pairs with a pyrmidine.

d.	The structure of the double helix is not determined by how the bases pair.

17. The RNA transcript of DNA that travels to the cytoplasm, carrying the instructions to make a protein, is called:

rRNA.

tRNA.

mRNA.

d.	RNA polymerase.

18. When DNA is replicated, the error rate is approximately one error for every 10,000 nucleotides copied. However, that error rate is reduced to only 1 error for every 1 billion nucleotides. The DNA sequence is "corrected" by:

a.	repeating S phase to see if the error rate is lower the second time around.

b.	enzymes that proofread the DNA and repair errors.

c.	messenger RNA during the process of transcription.

d.	Any errors made during DNA replication cannot be corrected. If errors are detected after S phase, the cell is destroyed.

19. Mendel's principle of segregation says that:

a.	when gametes are formed, each gamete receives only one allele for a particular gene.

b.	some genes are dominant to others.

c.	a testcross must be used to determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype.

d.	all of the above

20. Tay-Sachs disease is lethal before reproductive age, but the allele persists in Louisiana French Canadians because:

a.	it is a dominant allele.

b.	new mutations causing this disease are common in that population.

c.	it is not expressed in the phenotype of heterozygous individuals.

d.	the disease is contagious and can be transmitted by nonheritable means.

21. Physical features that are similar in organisms which are not closely related to each other are most likely a result of ____________. A good example of this is the similarities seen between some marsupial and placental mammals.

a.	natural selection.

b.	adaptation to similar environments

c.	convergent evolution

d.	All of the above phrases can be used to correctly fill this blank.

22. In humans, which of the following sex chromosome compliments could be found in males?

23. The proteins that are associated with eukaryotic chromosomes:

a.	help to package the DNA within the nucleus.

b.	are involved in gene expression, through binding with the DNA.

c.	may be replicating or transcribing the DNA.

d.	All of these are true of proteins that are associated with eukaryotic chromosomes.

24. A sequence of DNA nucleotides that contains the information to produce a single protein is a(n):

codon.

gene.

c.	polypeptide.

d.	anticodon.

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BIO1022 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Chromosome, Intron, Base Pair

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