BABS1201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Photosystem I, Cellular Respiration, Carbon Fixation
Photosynthesis
Nutrition
• Autotrophs: produce organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules from the
environment
• Heterotrophs: obtain organic molecules through other organisms
Photosynthesis
• Photoautotrophs: organisms that synthesise organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water
• Comprised of two process:
o Light reaction (photo)
o Calvin cycle (dark reaction, synthesis)
• Chloroplasts
o Structure
▪ Outer membrane
▪ Inner membrane
▪ Stroma - dense fluid enclosed by the membrane
▪ Thylakoids - membranous sacs
▪ Thylakoid space - space within the thylakoid
▪ Grana - stacks of thylakoids
▪ Chlorophyll - located within the thylakoid membranes
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Photosynthesis
Light reaction
• Reactants: H2O, NADP+, ADP
• Products: O2, NADPH, ATP
o Water is split
o
o
• Light energy is converted to chemical energy ATP and NADPH
• NADP+ - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (an electron acceptor)
Light
• Electromagnetic radiation
• Travels in waves
• Visible light - wavelength - 380-750nm
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Photosynthetic pigments
• Pigment: substances that absorb visible light
• Absorbs red and violet wavelengths, reflects green wavelengths
• Carbon dioxide + water
• Carbon dioxide diffuses into the plant through small pores
• CO2 diffuses into the cell and into the chloroplast where photosynthesis takes place
• Chloroplasts use energy from light to transform carbon dioxide and water into sugar
and oxygen
Light reactions
• Occurs in flattened membranous sacs called thylakoids
• Where light energy is converted to chemical energy
•
• Within the thylakoids
• Photosystems - (the two green structures) large complexes of protein and chlorophyll
▪ Captures light energy
• Electron transport chain (ETC) - (purple structures) - connects the two photosystems
▪ Three mobile electron carriers - transport electrons between the complexes
▪ Photosystem II - absorbs light energy, exciting electrons that enter the ETC
• Electrons are replaced with electrons stripped from water, creating
oxygen as a by-product
• Electrons flow down to the ETC, releasing energy that is used to pump
hydrogen ions (positive charges) into the thylakoid
▪ Photosystem I - light energy excites electrons
• Electrons are transported by the electron carrier molecule
• Captured by the electron carrier molecule NADPH
▪ The high concentration of hydrogen ions inside the thylakoid powers ATP
synthase, producing ATPs
• Light reactions produced two energy products - ATP and NADPH - powers the production of
sugar in the Calvin cycle
Calvin Cycle (C3 cycle)
• Takes place in the stroma - the thick fluid of the chloroplast
• At the beginning of the cycle, CO2 combine with molecules called RuBP
• The resulting molecules go through a series of reactions powered by ATP and NADPH
- producing sugar molecules glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
• Most of the G3Ps are rearranged back into RuBPs that will begin the Calvin cycle
again
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Document Summary
Nutrition: autotrophs: produce organic molecules from co2 and other inorganic molecules from the environment, heterotrophs: obtain organic molecules through other organisms. Photosynthesis: photoautotrophs: organisms that synthesise organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water, comprised of two process, light reaction (photo, calvin cycle (dark reaction, synthesis, chloroplasts, structure, outer membrane. Stroma - dense fluid enclosed by the membrane: thylakoids - membranous sacs, thylakoid space - space within the thylakoid, grana - stacks of thylakoids, chlorophyll - located within the thylakoid membranes. Light reaction: reactants: h2o, nadp+, adp, products: o2, nadph, atp, water is split 2(cid:1841) 2++(cid:1841)2, (cid:1840)(cid:1842)+++ (cid:1840)(cid:1842, (cid:1842)+(cid:1842) (cid:1842) Light energy is converted to chemical energy atp and nadph: nadp+ - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (an electron acceptor) Light: electromagnetic radiation, travels in waves, visible light - wavelength - 380-750nm. Light reactions produced two energy products - atp and nadph - powers the production of sugar in the calvin cycle.