7120 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Endoplasmic Reticulum, Motor Neuron, Neuroglia
21 Jun 2018
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PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Lecture 2 (Ch 2) – Nerve cells and nerve impulses
Cells of the nervous system
- Types of cells
oThe human nervous system has 2 kinds of cells
Neurons
Glia
o100billion individual neurons
- Early work
oIn the late 1800s the Spanish Santiago was the first to demonstrate that the individual
cells comprising the nervous system remained separate
He showed that they did not merge into each other as we once thought
- Structure of the animal cell
oMembrane; seperates inside from outside
oNucleus; has chromosomes
oMitochondria; metabolic activities, energy
oRibosomes; protein synthesis
oEndoplasmic reticulum
- Structure of a neuron
oCell body, axon, dendrites, connect through synapse
oMotor neuron
Soma in the spinal cord
Receives excitation from other neurons
Conducts impulses along its axon to a muscle
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o
oSensory neuron
Specialized to be sensitive to a type of stimulation
Touch, light, sound
- Components of neuron
oDendrites
Branching, lined with synaptic receptors to bring info into neuron
Some contain spines to inc SA
More SA more info to receive
oSoma/cell body
Contains nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes
Responsible for metabolic work
Covered with synapses on its surface in many neurons
oAxon
Thin fibre of a neuron that transmits nerve impulses toward other neurons,
organs or muscles
May have myelin sheath for insulation that contains interruptions called nodes
of ranvier
Presynaptic terminals at the end points of an axon release chemicals to
communicate with other neurons
Afferent, efferent and intrinsic
Afferent; bringing info into structure
Efferent; carrying info away from a structure
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Interneurons are those whose dendrites and axons are completely
contained in a single structure
- Variations among neurons
o
oA) purkinje cell from cerebellum
oB) sensory neurons from skin to spinal cord
oD) visual neuron
oC) cell of the motor area of cerebral cortex
- Types of glia
oAstrocytes
Help synchronise the activity of the axon by wrapping around the presynaptic
terminal and taking up chemicals released by the axon
oMicroglia
Remove waste material, viruses and fungi from the brain
oGlia
Oligodendrocytes (in brain and spinal cord) and schwann cells (in PNS)
Build myelin sheath on vertebrate axons
Radial glia
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Lecture 2 (ch 2) nerve cells and nerve impulses. Types of cells: the human nervous system has 2 kinds of cells. Early work: in the late 1800s the spanish santiago was the first to demonstrate that the individual cells comprising the nervous system remained separate. He showed that they did not merge into each other as we once thought. Structure of the animal cell: membrane; seperates inside from outside, nucleus; has chromosomes, mitochondria; metabolic activities, energy, ribosomes; protein synthesis, endoplasmic reticulum. Structure of a neuron: cell body, axon, dendrites, connect through synapse, motor neuron. Conducts impulses along its axon to a muscle o: sensory neuron. Specialized to be sensitive to a type of stimulation. Branching, lined with synaptic receptors to bring info into neuron. More sa more info to receive: soma/cell body. Covered with synapses on its surface in many neurons: axon. Thin fibre of a neuron that transmits nerve impulses toward other neurons, organs or muscles.
