HUBS1416 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme, Serotonin Transporter, Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

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harlequinhorse931

12 Oct 2018

School

University of Newcastle

Department

Human Biosciences

Course

HUBS1416

Professor

Evans

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Document Summary

List the two major branches of pharmacology and define each branch. Pharmacodynamics: the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body, what the. Pharmacokinetics: the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug. What drug does to the body . the body does to the drug . Explain the various names that can be given to the same drug, and the advantages of the generic name. A natural or manmade substance that comes from outside the body, that has either a biological, biochemical or physiological effect on us as an organism. Chemical: the systematic name of the molecular structure of the substance. Generic: the official non-proprietary name of a drug, under which it is licensed and identified by the manufacturer. Somewhat classifies the drug into a class or family. Trade: the commercial brand name given by the company (manufacturer) who makes it. Drugs can also be classed by their therapeutic effect or similar action.

Related Questions

Need help with biology questions:

1. To increase the excretion of an acidic drug, what would you do to the urine?

	A.	Make it more basic
	B.	None of the above
	C.	Make it neutral
	D.	Make it more acidic

2. G-Protein coupled receptors directly act on which of the following secondary messenger molecules:

	A.	cAMP
	B.	ATP
	C.	ADP
	D.	GTP
	E.	None of the above or more than one of the above

3. Drug A and Drug B both produce the same level of biological/physiological response. Drug A produces this effect with 100 mg/kg dose. Drug B produces this effect with 50 mg/kg dose. Which of the following is true?:

	A.	Drug B is more efficacious than Drug A. Both drugs are equally potent.
	B.	Drug A is more efficacious than Drug B. Both drugs are equally potent.
	C.	Drug A and B are equally efficacious. Drug A is more potent than Drug B.
	D.	Drug A and B are equally efficacious. Drug B is more potent than Drug A.

4. The stomach has a ______ pH, whereas the small intestines have a _______ pH. The colon has an approximately ___________ pH.

	A.	High; low; neutral
	B.	Low; high; neutral
	C.	Low; neutral; neutral
	D.	None of the above

5. Which receptor is most likely to reduce norepinephrine levels when activated?

	A.	alpha 2 adrenergic
	B.	alpha 1 adrenergic
	C.	dopamine D1 receptors

6. Which of the following statements are FALSE?

	A.	If the Vd of a drug is between 60 and 80 L the drug has likely distributed to the total body water of a 200 kg man.
	B.	In the enterohepatic system the activity of bacteria to remove conjugates from a drug in the gut will decrease the clearance of the drug.
	C.	Lipid drugs are more likely to be reabsorbed by the kidney from the urine.
	D.	A weak basic drug (pKa = 6) will be mostly ionized in urine of a pH= 3 and only the non- ionized drug will be eliminated.
	E.	The major conjugate in Phase 2 metabolism is glucuronide.

7. Isoproterenol (Î²-agonist) is a vasodilator that increases HR. What happens to systolic and diastolic pressures upon IV administration of isoproterenol?

	A.	â systolic; â diastolic
	B.	â systolic; â diastolic
	C.	â systolic; â diastolic
	D.	â systolic; â diastolic
	E.	None of the above

8. If you want to increase the blood concentration of a drug A, you can perform which of the following procedures:

	A.	Inhibit Drug A metabolism with Drug B
	B.	Enhance Drug A reabsorption from renal proximal tubule by changing ionization of Drug A with Drug B
	C.	Allow competition of Drug B with Drug A for active renal secretion processes
	D.	Increase the binding of Drug A to serum albumin
	E.	All of the above

9. Which of the following describes Phase I metabolism?

	A.	Inactive products are always produced in this phase.
	B.	Large molecules such as glucuronic acid are conjugated to drugs in this phase.
	C.	This phase may produce active metabolites from prodrugs.
	D.	This phase only occurs in the liver.

10. Which of the following is NOT an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of biogenic amines?

	A.	Phenylethanolamine N-methyl Transferase
	B.	Dopamine Î²-hydroxylase
	C.	Tyrosine dehydroxylase
	D.	DOPA decarboxylase
	E.	All of the above

11. Why would an antibiotic at the same concentration be more active against bacteria in water than in serum or plasma? (Activity is measured in a test tube)

	A.	activity of the antibiotic is increased in water.
	B.	due to drug-protein interaction in serum
	C.	the antibiotic is more stable in water
	D.	all of the above
	E.	none of the above

12. Ion channels are targets for drugs. Which drug class targets Na+ channels?

	A.	Benzodiazepines
	B.	Beta blockers
	C.	Local anesthetics
	D.	Antihypertensive drugs (cardiac and smooth muscle)
	E.	Glibenclimide (diabetic drug)

13. _________________ not metabolized by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT).

	A.	Dopamine
	B.	Epinephrine
	C.	Phenylephrine
	D.	Norepinephrine
	E.	All of the above are metabolized by COMT.

I have a lingering question which stems from an answer that Igave to What hydrolyses aspirin within the digestive tract andblood stream?

When a drug or any other substance is absorbed into thebloodstream in the stomach or small intestine, it ultimately passesthrough the hepatic portal vein and into the liver sinusoids, whereit is processed by hepatocytes and introduced into the generalcirculation via the vena cava. In terms of metabolism, this is whatcauses a "first-pass" effect for drugs that are ingested.

For drugs that are delivered either by intravenous,intramuscular, or sub-lingually (as in the other Biology.SEquestion), this first-pass effect is avoided, and the drug isintroduced into the general circulation without being metabolizedby the liver first.

Even though the first pass is avoided, the blood in the bodystill makes its way back through the liver eventually via thehepatic artery, which is a branch off of the celiac artery.

The issue I still have is, does the incoming blood from thehepatic artery merge with the blood from the hepatic portal vein?If not, does the blood from the hepatic artery still interact withthe hepatocytes in some way? (it makes sense that it does, and Ihave also read that one of the main functions of the hepatic arterywas to deliver blood supply for the liver's metabolic needs) Ifthis is not the case, where in the body would these drugs that wereintroduced via IV, etc., be metabolized?

Exercise Pharmacology

Chapter 1

1. Distinguish between pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacology.

2. How would you determine a drugâs doseâresponse curve?

3. What is meant by drug efï¬cacy? Potency?

4. How would you determine equipotent doses for two drugs of the same class?

5. What features of a drugâs action may make its pharmacokinetic properties more sensitive to exercise?

6. How might a drugâs volume of distribution be altered in the case of a person who is obese? A person who is elderly?

7. How might you explain an antagonist with partial agonist activity?

8. What are some of the ways that taking a second drug can affect the activity of the ï¬rst drugâor either drug?

Chapter 2

1. Bill is 60 years old and in reasonable shape. Working out on an elliptical machine, Bill sees that his heart rate is 135 bpm. Can you determine his ap-proximate exercise intensity without hooking him to a metabolic cart? What is he primarily burning for energy?

2. Your mother asks your advice about starting an exercise program. She is in pretty good health, but wants to drop some weight besides improving her cardiovascular health. What kind of exercise plan would you recommend to get her started? How would you explain to her the beneï¬ts of such a plan? After the initial couple of weeks, would you recommend any changes that might help her with her long-term ï¬tness goals?

3. Compare and contrast the three major muscle ï¬ber types in terms of their metabolism and fuel preference.

4. You are a graduate student working in an exercise physiology lab. You see a claim in a bodybuilding magazine about a supplement that rapidly increases power, strength, and muscle mass. How would you set up an experiment to test whether these claims are true?

5. Obesity is now considered by some to be reaching epidemic proportions. What is contributing to this trend, and what can be done?

Chapter 3

1. Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

2. What is meant by allostatic load, and how does it differ from stressing over a single test?

3. Explain three ways drugs can affect the signals transmitted by nerve cells.

4. How might exercise lessen the effects of stress?

5. Describe some of the theories that attempt to explain the bodyâs paradoxical response to exercise.

6. What are the key physiological changes that occur during the ï¬ght or ï¬ight response? How do they help in survival?

Chapter 4

1. What is meant by âbeta-blockers with ISAâ? What advantages might these drugs have? Disadvantages?

2. What property makes some beta-blockers cardio selective?

3. What are the effects of beta-blockers on exercise physiology?

4. A serious walker (5 miles/day) notices that she has stopped losing weight since starting her new prescription of propranolol (non-cardio selective, without ISA). She also fatigues more quickly than she used to. What can you offer her as an explanation?

5. The NCAA and USOC have banned beta-blockers from many types of com-petition. Why?

Chapter 5

1. Bill, a deconditioned, recently divorced 50-something exec driving that new BMW, wants to drop some weight and look good. He has high blood pressure. What kind of exercise regime would you recommend?

2. Why do calcium channel blockers mostly affect smooth muscle, with little effect on skeletal muscle?

3. How do calcium channel blockers reduce blood pressure?

4. Mary enjoys running and likes to compete in 10K races and half marathons. She also is diagnosed with high blood pressure. What are her options for regulating her blood pressure while maintaining a training schedule and remaining competitive?

5. How do ACE inhibitors affect blood pressure?

6. How do ARBs affect blood pressure?

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HUBS1416 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme, Serotonin Transporter, Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

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