ANHB2212 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Dermis, Foramen, Skeletal Muscle
28 May 2018
School
Course
Professor
L4 Structure Components of the Body (7 Mar)
Outcomes
1. Bones
• Types of bones
• Features of bones + examples
2. Skeletal muscles and tendons
• Organization
• Attachment
3. Blood vessels and nerves
4. Skin and fasciae
5. Internal organs
Bones
• Are a type of connective tissue
• Hard and rigid
• Determine the basic shape and size of the body
• Function: support
• Has 200+ of them, almost all joined to form the
skeleton
• Have a system of joints, moved by skeletal muscle
Skeleton is made up of
• Axial skeleton: Skull, Vertebrae, Ribs, Chest Bones
o Are longer axis of the body
o Functionally we don’t talk about axial +
other parts of the body, just the concept
▪ As it highlights the fact that the
limbs are just extension of the
body walls
• Appendicular skeleton: from appendix to
appendicular of the appendages
• These distinctive terms are just for descriptive
convenience
Types of bones
• There are bones in the limbs (long)
• Long bones have indication of how bone grows
o The picture shows that there are 2 enlarged
portions show development indications
• Long ‘shaft’ and two enlarged ends.
• More than a descriptive term.
• an anatomical and developmental concept.
• We have Flat bones.
• Irregular bones
• And also, Short bones.
Features of bones
• Many structures are attached to bones: Muscles,
ligaments etc.
• Ligaments hold bones together
• Ligaments – aka capsule of joints
• Bones are being acted upon by forces, for example
the (connective-tissue bone) holds it together
• Bones also grow around other structures like blood
vessels and nerves.
• E.g when we lift the limb, gravity pulls the limb
down, the ligaments hold it together, or like any
other mvt, when we imply instability, the ligaments
keep the bones in position
• Both factors (both muscles and ligaments) lead to
some features seen on bones.
• and each of the features are unique to
individual bones.
Now, how do we pronounce the features?
• Elevations on surface:
• Ridge
• Crest
• pointed structure (often called spine)
• tuberosity or tubercle (bump)
• ‘process’ – indication of a long structure
going out of the bone
• Depressions:
• groove (‘sulcus’)
• fossa
• Holes in the bone
• foramen (plural: foramina)
• canal
Features of bones: Examples
1. Tuberosity – distinct bump/swelling, theres a muscle
attached that produced swelling, therefore its called tuberosity
2. Fossa – distinct depression
3. Spine – spinus process, good point at the tip
4. Two tuberosities (tubercle) and a groove (sulcus)
• continues as a shallow groove down
• there are bumps
• the bigger one – we call it greater tuberosity and
smaller tuberosity for the smaller one
(major/minor)(greater/lesser)
• bone of the arm of upper end (head)
• the sulcus is between 2 tuberosities / intertubercular
sulcus of the xxxx
5. Foramen – another vertebrae, meaning holes, this bone
has 2 foramina, the biggest one is called vertebral canal but
vertebral foramen is technically right
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
L4 structure components of the body (7 mar) Outcomes: bones, types of bones, features of bones + examples, skeletal muscles and tendons, organization, attachment, blood vessels and nerves, skin and fasciae, internal organs. Now, how do we pronounce the features: elevations on surface, ridge, crest pointed structure (often called spine) tuberosity or tubercle (bump) Process" indication of a long structure going out of the bone: depressions: groove ( sulcus") fossa, holes in the bone foramen (plural: foramina) canal. Foramen another vertebrae, meaning holes, this bone has 2 foramina, the biggest one is called vertebral canal but vertebral foramen is technically right. Skeletal muscles and tendons: a muscle is more than muscle tissue, a named" skeletal muscle has, muscle cells (very long, often referred to as. Fibres": connective tissue (muscles need to be kept together by ct, nerves and blood vessels. Muscles and ct are always together, act as tubes that carry blood to tissues.
