ANHB3324 Lecture 1: ANHB3324 LECTURE/TEXTBOOK NOTES PART 1
1
ANHB TEST ONE NOTES
Table of Contents
THE SKULL AND REGIONS OF THE HEAD AND NECK ........................................................... 2
SKULL DEVELOPMENT: ................................................................................................................................... 2
PHARYNGEAL ARCHES: ................................................................................................................................... 2
CRANIAL CAVITY: ............................................................................................................................................. 3
OSTEOLOGY OF THE SKULL: ............................................................................................................................ 5
MUSCLES OF MASTICATION:........................................................................................................................... 7
MUSCLES OF THE NECK: .................................................................................................................................. 8
CRANIAL NERVES ............................................................................................................................10
OVERVIEW OF CRANIAL NERVES: ............................................................................................................... 10
CRANIAL NERVES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS: ............................................................................................... 11
RELATED CRANIAL NERVES: ....................................................................................................................... 11
THE TRIGEMINAL NERVE AND ITS BRANCHES: ........................................................................................ 12
THE FACIAL NERVE: ..................................................................................................................................... 14
THE EYE AND THE ORBIT ............................................................................................................15
THE ORBIT: .................................................................................................................................................... 15
THE EYEBALL: ............................................................................................................................................... 17
ARTERIES AND VEINS OF THE HEAD .......................................................................................19
ARTERIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK: ......................................................................................................... 19
VENOUS DRAINAGE OF THE HEAD AND NECK: ........................................................................................ 22
THE FACE AND ORAL CAVITY .....................................................................................................24
THE FACE: ...................................................................................................................................................... 24
THE PALATE: ................................................................................................................................................. 25
THE NASAL CAVITY: ..................................................................................................................................... 26
THE TONGUE AND FLOOR OF MOUTH: ...................................................................................................... 27
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2
The Skull and Regions of the Head and Neck
Skull Development:
• Bones develop around the brain
• 2 fundamental mechanisms
o Intra-membranous ossification
▪ Bones form from gene switches in surrounding CT
▪ Forms upper part of cranial vault
o Endochondral ossification
▪ Allows bones to grow when force is applied to them
▪ Found in base of cranial cavity → where muscles are
attached
• Small islands of bone form in membranes and later fuse at sutures
• Sutures
o Gaps between bones filled with connective tissue
o Join skull bones together
o Become ossified when growth is complete
Pharyngeal Arches:
• Small clusters of cells that take responsibility for building structures
• Appear mid week 4
• Each arch is a package → cells that produce bone, muscular tissue, nerve
tissue, artery/venous drainage
• Grow rapidly, migrate and produce things
• Arches can be overlaid by other arches → buried in growing embryo
• Pharyngeal arch 1
o Innervated by CN V (trigeminal)
o Artery → maxillary artery
o Muscles
▪ Muscles of mastication
▪ Myohiod
▪ Ant. belly of digastric
▪ Tensor tympani
o Bones/cartilage
▪ Maxilla
▪ Zygomatic bone
▪ Squamous temporal bone
▪ Palatine bone
▪ Mandible
▪ Incus
▪ Malleus
• Pharyngeal arch 2
o Innervated by CN VII (facial nerve)
o Artery → stapedial artery
o Muscles
▪ Muscles of facial expression
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3
▪ Post. belly of digastric
▪ Stylohyoid muscle
▪ Stapedius
o Bone/cartilage
▪ Lesser horn of hyoid
▪ Upper half of body of hyoid
▪ Stapes
▪ Styloid process
• Pharyngeal arch 3
o Innervated by CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
o Artery
▪ Common carotid
▪ Proximal internal caritod
o Muscle → stylopharyngeus
o Bone/cartilage
▪ Greater horn of hyoid
▪ Lower half of body of hyoid
• Pharyngeal arch 4
o Innervated by CN X (vagus)
o Artery
▪ Proximal right subclavian
▪ Arch of aorta
o Muscle
▪ Muscles of soft palate (except tensor veli palatine)
▪ Muscles of pharynx (except styopharyngeus)
▪ Cricothyroid
▪ Cricopharyngeus
o Bone/cartilage
▪ Thyroid cartilage
▪ Cricoid cartilage
• Pharyngeal arch 6
o Innervated by CN X
o Artery
▪ Ductus arteriosus
▪ Proximal pulmomaries
o Muscle
▪ Intrinsic laryngeal muscles (except cricothyroid)
▪ Skeletal muscle of oseophagus
o Bone/cartilage → same as pharyngeal arch 4
Cranial Cavity:
• Houses brain
• Divided into
o Vault
o Fossae → areas where brain grew rapidly and drove bones to form
around them
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