KINE 2P20 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Adipocyte, Mount Ebal, Basal Metabolic Rate
9 May 2018
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Nutrition 2P20
Stress Fractures
- Partial or complete fracture/crack of bone due to its inability to withstand rhythmic,
non-violent, submaximal, repeated stress.
- Overuse injury
- Weight bearing bones – tibia, femur, metatarsals
Iron: 10-30% of heme iron, 2-10% of non-heme iron is absorbed
Zinc: antioxidant, wound healing, energy metabolism, cell membrane structure
Nutrition and Aging
- Seniors: risk of poor nutritional status with age & fragility
- Energy needs decline with age; lower energy intakes make it harder to reach all RDA/AIs
Sarcopenia
- Loss of muscle mass, size and strength, and subsequent gain in fat mass
▪ General weakness, frailty, impaired mobility and balance – increased risk
of falls/fractures
CHPT 7
Obesity
- Causes: genetics (75%), environment (25%) – physical inactivity, overeating
- Obesity is a disorder of the energy homeostasis system
- Health risks: sleep apnea. Diabetes, heart disease, cancer, gerd (acid reflux), high BP
The Adipocyte
- Fat deposits – large number of fat cells with nerve and blood vessels throughout
- Molecules secreted by adipocytes: adipokines, enzymes, growth factors, inflammatory
mediators, clotting factors
Energy Balance
- When energy intake = energy expenditure – maintain bodyweight
- Measured in kilocalories (kcal) or kilojoules
- To determine Ebal = Ein-Eout
▪ -Ebal: Eout>Ein = weight loss
▪ +Ebal: Eout<Ein = weight gain
- Energy in: food yielding nutrients (depends on amount of food eaten and nutrient
composition of food)
- Energy out: basal metabolic rate 60-75% (BMR), thermic effect of food ~10% (TEF),
physical activity 15-30%
Calculating Ein
- Direct – bomb calorimeter
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Document Summary
Partial or complete fracture/crack of bone due to its inability to withstand rhythmic, non-violent, submaximal, repeated stress. Weight bearing bones tibia, femur, metatarsals. Iron: 10-30% of heme iron, 2-10% of non-heme iron is absorbed. Zinc: antioxidant, wound healing, energy metabolism, cell membrane structure. Seniors: risk of poor nutritional status with age & fragility. Energy needs decline with age; lower energy intakes make it harder to reach all rda/ais. Loss of muscle mass, size and strength, and subsequent gain in fat mass: general weakness, frailty, impaired mobility and balance increased risk of falls/fractures. Causes: genetics (75%), environment (25%) physical inactivity, overeating. Obesity is a disorder of the energy homeostasis system. Diabetes, heart disease, cancer, gerd (acid reflux), high bp. Fat deposits large number of fat cells with nerve and blood vessels throughout. Molecules secreted by adipocytes: adipokines, enzymes, growth factors, inflammatory mediators, clotting factors. When energy intake = energy expenditure maintain bodyweight.
