SCIE 1P51 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Smallpox Vaccine, Edward Jenner, Hepatitis B Vaccine
Science and Society
Week 1
Origins of Science
- Writing – Cuneiform tablets with astronomical observations ~4000 BCE
- Tablets with beer recipes
• ~3,000 BCE
- Greece -500/600 BC
- Science and philosophy
- Love of wisdom
- Looking for explanations
- Looking for origins of phenomena
Thales of Mellitus -640-548 BC
• Air, Food, Rain
• Water is most important
•
What is Science?
• Relatively new word in texts
• 1400AD
• Word Science comes from the Latin word scienta – knowledge and scire – to know
• Science as ideas
• Science as discoveries
• Science as invention
• The word scientist was introduced in 1834 by a British scientist named William Whewell (1794-
1866)
• Before this tie people ho studied siee ere alled atural philosophers
Rise of Science
• Anaximander -610-516 BC
• Maps – terrestrial & solar
• Did ot eliee air, ater, earth or fire ere the fudaetal eleets of the uierse
• Lots of discussion about nature and matter but no experiments to prove or disprove their
thinking
Pythagoras of Samos -560-480 BC
• Numbers
• Leucippus and Democircutus -460 BC
• Plant diversity
Atoms: The Greek Ideas
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- 450 B.C.E., Leucippus and Democritus Atoms: points at which matter can no longer be
subdivided.
School – Academy – University
• Socrates 470-399 BCE
• Plato 427-347 BCE
• Aristotle 384-322 BCE
•
Characteristics of Science
• Science can be distinguished from other styles of inquiry by
1. A dependence on observations and measurements that others can verify, and
2. The easureet that ideas hpothesis ad theor’s are testale oseratios ad
experiments that others can repeat
Scientific Method?
• There is no single or fixed set or sequence of steps that all scientific investigations follow.
• Most scientific investigation collects data to provide explanations for observed phenomena and
to further the development of Scientific Theories and laws
Historical Example of Scientific Methodology
• Disease Intervention
Smallpox
• Variola virus
• Caused more deaths compared to any other micro-organism
• -10,000 – 3,000 BCE
• Symptoms – 12 days
• Pustules – skin and eyes
• Scarring
• Infertility
• Death 30-50% of cases
• More than a third
Smallpox – Outbreaks
• Egypt – Ramses V – 1160 BCE
• Greece – 400 BCE
• Chine – 400 BCE
• India – 100CE
• Ethiopia - 571 CE
• France – 500 CE
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• Egypt – 600 CE
• Spain and rest of Europe after 600 CE
• Lady Mary Montagu & Smallpox
- Born in London
- Eloped at 23
- Went to Istanbul
- Brother died of smallpox
- She survived but scarred
Lady Mary Montagu – Variation
• Noticed that the Turkish people were not susceptible to the disease
• Used technique of the variation
• Smallpox pus & scabs
• Placed into vein and sealed
• Mild symptoms after 8 days fever and a few lesions – recovery and immunity
• She had her 6 year old son varioted in Turkey
• Returned to England – 1721 smallpox outbreak
• Permission for clinical trial – Charles Maitland
• 6 convicts convicted for murder
• To encourage the use of the procedure she had 3 year old daughter Variolated in pubic
• Friend of Royalty – Princess Caroline
Jenner & Smallpox
• Edward Jenner 1749 – 1823
• Apprenticed and 13 to surgeon
• Violated at age 8
• At 21 went to London
• Trained with John Hunter
• 1772 returns to Berkeley, Oxford shine
• Sets up as a surgeon
• Pursues many scientific experiments
• Notices that milkmaids who had suffered cowpox were thought to be immune to smallpox
• This was current folklore
• Jennifer makes observations over a period over 10 years
• May 14th 1796 – 8 year old James Phillips is injected with pus from a milkmaid suffering from
cowpox
• Jenner fallowed the health of James Phipps
• James Phipps is later variolated with smallpox – he does not develop the disease
• Jenner followed with inculcating others with cowpox. As the source of his inoculation was from
a cow he called the process vaccination
• Vacca = Cow in Latin
• The technique was adopted slowly by physicians. The problem lay with correctly identifying
cowpox.
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Writing cuneiform tablets with astronomical observations ~4000 bce. Thales of mellitus -640-548 bc: air, food, rain, water is most important. Rise of science: anaximander -610-516 bc, maps terrestrial & solar, did (cid:374)ot (cid:271)elie(cid:448)e air, (cid:449)ater, earth or fire (cid:449)ere the (cid:862)fu(cid:374)da(cid:373)e(cid:374)tal(cid:863) ele(cid:373)e(cid:374)ts of the u(cid:374)i(cid:448)erse. Lots of discussion about nature and matter but no experiments to prove or disprove their thinking. Pythagoras of samos -560-480 bc: numbers, plant diversity. 450 b. c. e. , leucippus and democritus atoms: points at which matter can no longer be subdivided. School academy university: socrates 470-399 bce, plato 427-347 bce, aristotle 384-322 bce. Historical example of scientific methodology: disease intervention. Smallpox: variola virus, caused more deaths compared to any other micro-organism. 10,000 3,000 bce: symptoms 12 days, pustules skin and eyes, scarring. Infertility: death 30-50% of cases, more than a third. Smallpox outbreaks: egypt ramses v 1160 bce, greece 400 bce, chine 400 bce, ethiopia - 571 ce, france 500 ce.