SCIE 1P51 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Smallpox Vaccine, Edward Jenner, Hepatitis B Vaccine
17 Oct 2016
School
Department
Course
Professor
Science and Society
Week 1
Origins of Science
- Writing – Cuneiform tablets with astronomical observations ~4000 BCE
- Tablets with beer recipes
• ~3,000 BCE
- Greece -500/600 BC
- Science and philosophy
- Love of wisdom
- Looking for explanations
- Looking for origins of phenomena
Thales of Mellitus -640-548 BC
• Air, Food, Rain
• Water is most important
•
What is Science?
• Relatively new word in texts
• 1400AD
• Word Science comes from the Latin word scienta – knowledge and scire – to know
• Science as ideas
• Science as discoveries
• Science as invention
• The word scientist was introduced in 1834 by a British scientist named William Whewell (1794-
1866)
• Before this tie people ho studied siee ere alled atural philosophers
Rise of Science
• Anaximander -610-516 BC
• Maps – terrestrial & solar
• Did ot eliee air, ater, earth or fire ere the fudaetal eleets of the uierse
• Lots of discussion about nature and matter but no experiments to prove or disprove their
thinking
Pythagoras of Samos -560-480 BC
• Numbers
• Leucippus and Democircutus -460 BC
• Plant diversity
Atoms: The Greek Ideas
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- 450 B.C.E., Leucippus and Democritus Atoms: points at which matter can no longer be
subdivided.
School – Academy – University
• Socrates 470-399 BCE
• Plato 427-347 BCE
• Aristotle 384-322 BCE
•
Characteristics of Science
• Science can be distinguished from other styles of inquiry by
1. A dependence on observations and measurements that others can verify, and
2. The easureet that ideas hpothesis ad theor’s are testale oseratios ad
experiments that others can repeat
Scientific Method?
• There is no single or fixed set or sequence of steps that all scientific investigations follow.
• Most scientific investigation collects data to provide explanations for observed phenomena and
to further the development of Scientific Theories and laws
Historical Example of Scientific Methodology
• Disease Intervention
Smallpox
• Variola virus
• Caused more deaths compared to any other micro-organism
• -10,000 – 3,000 BCE
• Symptoms – 12 days
• Pustules – skin and eyes
• Scarring
• Infertility
• Death 30-50% of cases
• More than a third
Smallpox – Outbreaks
• Egypt – Ramses V – 1160 BCE
• Greece – 400 BCE
• Chine – 400 BCE
• India – 100CE
• Ethiopia - 571 CE
• France – 500 CE
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find more resources at oneclass.com
• Egypt – 600 CE
• Spain and rest of Europe after 600 CE
• Lady Mary Montagu & Smallpox
- Born in London
- Eloped at 23
- Went to Istanbul
- Brother died of smallpox
- She survived but scarred
Lady Mary Montagu – Variation
• Noticed that the Turkish people were not susceptible to the disease
• Used technique of the variation
• Smallpox pus & scabs
• Placed into vein and sealed
• Mild symptoms after 8 days fever and a few lesions – recovery and immunity
• She had her 6 year old son varioted in Turkey
• Returned to England – 1721 smallpox outbreak
• Permission for clinical trial – Charles Maitland
• 6 convicts convicted for murder
• To encourage the use of the procedure she had 3 year old daughter Variolated in pubic
• Friend of Royalty – Princess Caroline
Jenner & Smallpox
• Edward Jenner 1749 – 1823
• Apprenticed and 13 to surgeon
• Violated at age 8
• At 21 went to London
• Trained with John Hunter
• 1772 returns to Berkeley, Oxford shine
• Sets up as a surgeon
• Pursues many scientific experiments
• Notices that milkmaids who had suffered cowpox were thought to be immune to smallpox
• This was current folklore
• Jennifer makes observations over a period over 10 years
• May 14th 1796 – 8 year old James Phillips is injected with pus from a milkmaid suffering from
cowpox
• Jenner fallowed the health of James Phipps
• James Phipps is later variolated with smallpox – he does not develop the disease
• Jenner followed with inculcating others with cowpox. As the source of his inoculation was from
a cow he called the process vaccination
• Vacca = Cow in Latin
• The technique was adopted slowly by physicians. The problem lay with correctly identifying
cowpox.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Writing cuneiform tablets with astronomical observations ~4000 bce. Thales of mellitus -640-548 bc: air, food, rain, water is most important. Rise of science: anaximander -610-516 bc, maps terrestrial & solar, did (cid:374)ot (cid:271)elie(cid:448)e air, (cid:449)ater, earth or fire (cid:449)ere the (cid:862)fu(cid:374)da(cid:373)e(cid:374)tal(cid:863) ele(cid:373)e(cid:374)ts of the u(cid:374)i(cid:448)erse. Lots of discussion about nature and matter but no experiments to prove or disprove their thinking. Pythagoras of samos -560-480 bc: numbers, plant diversity. 450 b. c. e. , leucippus and democritus atoms: points at which matter can no longer be subdivided. School academy university: socrates 470-399 bce, plato 427-347 bce, aristotle 384-322 bce. Historical example of scientific methodology: disease intervention. Smallpox: variola virus, caused more deaths compared to any other micro-organism. 10,000 3,000 bce: symptoms 12 days, pustules skin and eyes, scarring. Infertility: death 30-50% of cases, more than a third. Smallpox outbreaks: egypt ramses v 1160 bce, greece 400 bce, chine 400 bce, ethiopia - 571 ce, france 500 ce.
