BIOL 2107 Lecture 1: Lecture 1 Jan 5, 2019

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15 Jan 2019

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3 nucleic acids 1 aminoacid g20 amino acids available coursersreakdowing ii ii ii noteforassig. Network ofinteractions b w molecules or group of cells accomplishcoordinated fa determinedby the aminoacidsequence. 2 strands of dna are in oppositedirection antiparallel. Dna is composed of nitrogenousbases y we can only read it in onedirection can be handledby computers each unit of info is discrete. Dna info is one dimensional digital computers can read andsequencedna. Noteinfocomesfrom the nucleotide sequence the base bind likethis b c of their. Organization of genetic info in cells genes sequences of dna that mightencode proteins thednacanalsomakenoncodingrnalexmirna. Chromosomes organelles that pack store duplicate express dna packaging is important forsafety easier to mange ifthey are genomeall chromosomes from all cells in an organism we have 24kindsofchromosomes 3 10 basepairs encodes2000030000genes packed for cellreplication. Evolution of biological info on earth westudythepasttounderstandandbereadyfor thefuture. Noteproteins are important hasthe ability to storereplicatemutateandexpressinfo foldinto 3 d structures because the dnaneeds.

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DNA and Genes Lab Activity
Complete your answers in the spaces provided. USE YOUR OWN WORDS â Yes even
for definitions! Remember to add your last name and first initial to the file name prior to
saving and submitting your completed assignment through Canvas.
Use your textbook, notes and these websites to answer the pre lab questions.
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molecules/transcribe/
http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/en/virtuallessons/cellcycle/trans/
Pre Lab Questions:
1. What is the product of transcription?
2. What is the region of DNA called where transcription begins?
3. What is the product of translation?
4. In your own words define each of the following:
Silent mutation
Missense mutation
Nonsense mutation
Frame shift mutation
5. Where in the cell does translation take place?
Click on the link below to access the online lab.
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs_2K8/pages/DNA_And_Genes.html
Download and print the instructions for reference as you work through the lab. As you work through the lab fill in the table below. Use this information to answer the questions that follow contained in this document.
First read through the mutation guide. Once you close the guide you will see the buttons to begin the simulation. Note, you will be translating the mRNA strand into a protein. As you work through each of the mutations fill in the charts below. You must complete 4 mutations for this lab activity. Itâs good practice working with the codon table .
â Aris labs calls the codon table the âGenetic Code Chartâ. Use the amino acid abbreviation for the protein sequence. For example the amino acid proline is abbreviated as pro.
You have to fill in all the letters AND the resulting amino acid sequence by dragging and dropping before you click the [check] button. Abrieviate STOP as either STP or END.
For each of the three mutations you will complete, fill in the table in this lab document with the original mRNA and amino acid sequence and the mRNA sequence and the resulting amino acid sequence RESULTING FROM the mutation as outlined in the mutation rule.
The various mutations represent missense, nonsense, silent and frame shift mutations. You must complete one of each. The lab will not necessarily present the mutations in this order. You must do the mutation and identify which type it is and make sure you do one of each.
6. Frame Shift Mutation example:
Provide the mutation rule you are following.
Original A. Acids
Original mRNA
Mutated mRNA
Mutated A. Acids
7. Missense Mutation example:
Provide the mutation rule you are following.
Original A. Acids
Original mRNA
Mutated mRNA
Mutated A. Acids
8. Nonsense Mutation example:
Provide the mutation rule you are following.
Original A. Acids
Original mRNA
Mutated mRNA
Mutated A. Acids
9. Silent Mutation example:
Provide the mutation rule you are following.
Original A. Acids
Original mRNA
Mutated mRNA
Mutated A. Acids
Post Lab Questions
10. From the mutations you have explored, which one is the least severe. Explain your answer.
11. From the mutations you have explored, which one is the most severe. Why?
12. Aside from silent mutations which have no effect on amino acid sequence, are all mutations bad? Explain your answer.

champagnerat497

Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

True

False

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Question 411 pts

When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms are then electrically attracted to one another, a(n) ________________ bond is formed.

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Question 421 pts

Changing the number of ____________ of an atom would change the chemical properties of the atom.

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Question 431 pts

Forming molecules and breaking down molecules in biological organisms usually requires the use of _________ to help the reaction proceed faster.

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Question 441 pts

Organic molecules have a core composed of .

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Question 451 pts

The building blocks of carbohydrates are

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Question 461 pts

Water molecules crossing a membrane from high to low concentration is .

active transport

cell fate

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

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Question 471 pts

Choose the membrane molecule responsible for the passage of polar molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

phospholipids

transmembrane channel proteins

cell surface proteins

carbohydrate chains

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Question 481 pts

The simplest cells are .

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Question 491 pts

Which of the following membrane bound organelles are found inside bacterial cells:

nucleus

organelles are not found in prokaryotic cells

mitochondria

chloroplasts

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Question 501 pts

Which of the following is a specialized components of the cell, is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and is responsible for making proteins.

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Question 511 pts

Proteins are sorted, modified, and packaged by the _____________ and later transported to the outside of the cell.

ribosomes

golgi bodies (golgi apparatus)

nucleus

mitochondria

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Question 521 pts

Dehydration synthesis is a process of linking two smaller subunits together to form a polymer. Which of the following statements below is true of dehydration synthesis?

Oxygen is consumed.

A water molecule is removed from the molecules.

A water molecule is added to the molecules

Carbon dioxide is given off.

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Question 531 pts

Proteins are made up of _________ held together by peptide bonds.

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Question 541 pts

Which of the following gives an amino acid its properties?

NH2

R Group or functional group

COOH

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Question 551 pts

The final three-dimensional shape of a protein that includes the bonding of two or more polypeptide chains is call its _____ structure.

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Question 561 pts

How do DNA and RNA differ?

all statements are differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.

They have different sugars.

Thymine is present in DNA but not in RNA.

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Question 571 pts

Which of the following is a component of a DNA nucleotide?

phosphate

a nitrogen containing base

All are components of a nucleotide.

5-carbon sugar

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Question 581 pts

Cell membranes are made up of several different types of molecules. Select the membrane molecule below that is made up of a polar region and two non-polar fatty acid tails.

transmembrane proteins

carbohydrate chains

phospholipids

cell surface proteins

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Question 591 pts

Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are ____________ and ______________.

chloroplasts and mitochondria

golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes and nucleolus

peroxisomes and lysosomes

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Question 601 pts

The is an extensive system of internal membranes responsible for producing carbohydrates and lipids.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

nucleolus

mitochondria

sangriarat617

1. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events (from start to finish) in cellular fatty acid oxidation?

A. Fatty acid activationÃ carnitine shuttleÃ beta-oxidation

B. Beta-oxidationÃ carnitine shuttleÃ Fatty acid activation

C. Fatty acid activationÃ carnitine shuttleÃ beta-oxidation

D. Carnitine shuttleÃ Fatty acid activationÃ beta-oxidation

2. What reaction is catalyzed by lipoprotein lipase, or lipase?

A. Hydrolysis of TAGs into fatty acids and glycerol

B. Hydrolysis of TAGs into amino acids and glycerol

C. Hydrolysis of cholesterol in to fatty acid and water

D. Hydrolysis of cholesterol into acetyl-CoA

3. How do fatty acids of different carbon lengths cross into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation?

A. Small FAs of 10 carbons or fewer can freely diffuse through the membrane

B. Large FAs are cleaved into two smaller units that are actively transported across the membrane

C. A membrane-bound transferase catalyzes the conversion of long-chain FAs and FA-carnitine esters, which are transported across the membrane via a specific carrier

D. The breakdown of large FAs starts outside the matrix, allowing for the smaller particles to pass easily through the membrane

4. How can any RNA nucleotide be easily distinguished from a DNA nucleotide?

A. RNA nucleotides have a unique phosphodiester bond linkage

B. RNA nucleotides have uracil nitrogenous bases

C. RNA nucleotides have an -OH on the 2â carbon of the ribose

D. RNA nucleotides cannot be easily distinguished from DNA nucleotides

5. Which of the following statement is true concerning the sequence pTACGTAACGTA?

A. This is an RNA sequence

B. In order to have a more rigid structure in a double-stranded molecule, the sequence given would need more adenosine

C. If the complementary strand were present, the number of purines would be equal to the number of pyrimidines

D. The amount of purines is equal to the amount to pyrimidines

6. Complementary base pairing is considered which level of structure?

A. Secondary

B. Tertiary

C. Quaternary

D. Primary

7. Which of the following is/are required for the polymerization reaction catalyzed by DNA polymerase III?

I. RNA primer

II. DNA primer

III. RNA template

IV. DNA template

V. NTPs

VI. dNTPs

VII. Magnesium

VIII. Calcium

A. II, IV, V, and VII

B. II, IV, VI, and VII

C. I, IV, V, and VIII

D. I, IV, VI, and VII

8. DNA polymerase I, from E. coli, has three different catalytic sites. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

B. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase

C. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

D. DNA-dependent DNA polymerase

9. Eukaryotes solve the problem of replicating the ends of their linear chromosomes by:

A. Using a protein as primer

B. Enzyme activity that uses an RNA template and reverse transcription in a series of repeat cycles

C. All of the listed solution

D. Terminal redundancy whereby each end of the chromosome is duplicated allowing recombination

BIOL 2107 Lecture 1: Lecture 1 Jan 5, 2019

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