GEOG 1020 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Industrial Revolution, Gentrification, Centrality
13 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
An increasing proportion of the world's population lives in urban areas
Facts to consider:
By 2050, 70% of the world will live in urban areas
-
Africa has a larger urban population than North America
-
Chicago and Toronto urbanized rapidly, it's a phenomenon that can occur
quickly and drastically
-
Urban areas:
-
varies from country to country, and, with periodic reclassification, can also
vary within one country over time, making direct comparisons difficult
Administrative criteria or political boundaries (for example, an area within the
jurisdiction of a municipality or town committee)
-
A threshold population size (where the minimum for an urban settlement is
typically in the region of 2000 people, although this varies globally between
200 and 50,000)
-
Population density
-
Economic function (for example, where a significant majority of the population
is not primarily engaged in agriculture, or where there is surplus employment)
or the presence of urban characteristics (for example, paved streets, electric
lighting, sewerage)
-
Challenges of studying urban areas:
Lack of uniform definition, what is an urban area?
-
Availability of census data (ex. Slum cities, it's a challenge to accurately record
the events taking place within these poverty-stricken areas)
-
Changing definition of urban areas over time makes comparatives studies
difficult
-
Causes and drivers of urbanization:
Industrial revolution
People could move to occupations that existed in towns and cities
(factories)
○
Machinery made life easier, things were manufactured more easily and
more efficiently
○
-
Industrialization following the industrial revolution
Assembly-line manufacturing
○
Employment opportunities
○
Transportation
○
-
Emergence of large manufacturing centers
-
Job opportunities
-
Availability of easy transportation and other infrastructure facilities
-
Migration (immigration, rural migration)
Push/pull factors
○
Similar to migration between periphery and core
○
-
Urban form:
New urban forms are evolving as cities expand and merge
-
Nearly 10% of urban population found in megacities (cities with more than 10
million people) which have multiplied across the globe
-
Most urban growth not taking place in megacities, but in smaller cities and
towns, homes to majority of urban children and young people
-
Megacities: metropolitan area or an urban agglomeration with a population of 10
million or more
Metacities: megacity of more than 20 million people, term developed when
megacities became irrelevant
Urban agglomerations:
Population of a built up/densely populated area containing the city proper,
suburbs, and continuously settled commuter areas or adjoin territory
inhabited at urban levels of residential density
-
Large urban agglomerations often include several administratively distinct but
functionally linked cities
-
Montreal, Vancouver, Toronto
-
Mega-regions:
Rapidly growing urban cluster surrounded by low-density hinterland
-
Formed as a result of expansion, growth, and geographical convergent of more
than one metropolitan area and other agglomerations
-
Common in North America and Europe
-
Characterized by rapidly growing cities, great concentration of people, large
markets, significant economic innovation and potential
-
Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guanzhou in China
-
Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka, Kyoto, Kobe in Japan
-
City-regions:
Urban development on a massive scale
-
Major cities that expands beyond administrative boundaries to engulf smaller
cities, towns, and semi-urban and rural hinterlands
-
Sometimes expands enough to merge with other cities
-
Cape Town city region in South Africa, extends up to 100 km, Bangkok region
in Thailand
-
Urban systems
Interdependent set of urban settlements within a specified regions
-
Urban systems classify urban areas as a part of a larger system:
Size, function, importance
○
Relationships among cities, not just their physical organization
○
-
Key terms:
Primacy
Population of the largest city in an urban system is
disproportionately large in relation to the second and third largest
cities in that system
§
Major city, country's financial, political, and population focal point
§
No other city serves those functions
§
Imbalance in development, usually a progressive core and lagging
periphery (source of labour and other resources)
§
London, Paris, Mexico City, not New York, Mumbai
§
Canada doesn't have primate cities
§
○
Centrality
Functional dominance of cities within an urban system
§
High share of economic, political, and cultural activities relative to
population, not just size
§
○
World cities
Place where information and culture is fathered, disseminated;
entertainment Is provided to wider public through mass media
and universities with worldwide reach
§
Great centers of population that contain a significant proportion
of the richest members of the community
§
Major centers of political power, location of governmental
decision-making and political institutions are located
§
Gateway for trade and mobility infrastructures, representing
national centers for trade due to their ports, airports, railways,
financial institutions
§
Centers of congregation for professional talents (medical, legal,
industrial etc…)
§
New York, London, Tokyo
§
○
-
How do cities grow and expand?
In-migration
National mobility
○
International immigration
○
-
Natural increase
Fertility rates and new household formation among existing population
○
-
Annexation/change in municipal boundaries
Incorporation of small towns
○
Amalgamations by upper level of governments
○
Being with family or with people with common customs, culture, ethnic
enclaves
○
-
Challenges for an urbanizing world:
Population growth
Concentrated in global south, especially in informal settlement areas
○
-
Urbanization in semi-peripheral and peripheral regions
Largest and fastest growing cities
○
Informal economies
○
-
Environmental and social challenges
Access to facilities, healthcare, education, sanitation, clean water, etc…
○
-
Urban Form:
Physical structure and organization of cities
-
Land use, layout, and built environment
Streets, sidewalks, block patterns
○
Location and density of jobs, housing
○
-
Historical legacies and contemporary polities and policy, how the past has
affect the way the city has grown
-
Geography and topography of the location
-
Traditional Concentric Burgess Model
Central Business District (CBD)
Nucleus of commercial district in a city
○
Major institutions, transportation hub
○
Higher density
○
-
Transition zone
Mixed commercial and residential district that surrounds CBD
○
-
Residential zone
Suburbs, countryside
○
-
Bid-rent Theory
Prices and demand for real estate change as one moves away from CBD
○
Highest competition close to CBD
○
CBD offers greatest accessibility to potential customers and highest
profit possibilities
○
-
Metropolitan/Regional Planning
-Center (pre 1930)
○High densities, public transit use, socio-economic diversity
○Gentrification and income polarization
-Inner suburbs (1950s-60s)
○Lower densities, rental and ownership housing, more car-dependent but
still has public transit use
-Outer suburbs (post 1970s)
○Lower densities, high car-dependency, fastest growing area
○Loss of agricultural land
Polycentric City
-Growth and complexity challenge mono-centric models over time
-Within city:
○Mixed-use central neighbourhoods
○Secondary business districts or suburban downtowns
○Residential zones: inner and outer suburbs
○New employment and commercial areas
-Outside city:
○Edge cities, urban-rural interface
Socio-spatial Patterns
-Segregation:
○By social class, race/ethnicity etc.
○Voluntary or by discrimination, exclusionary urban planning, market-
driven urban development
-Congregation: voluntary segregation?
○“The territorial and residential clustering of specific groups or subgroups
of people”
-Why congregate?
○Housing with family or relatives
Particular food shops, places of worship, schools
○
○Community networks and support
○Local employment opportunities etc.
-Citadel - segregation by social class
-Enclave - congregation
-Ghetto - discrimination
-Colonies - arrival areas
Harris & Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model, 1945
-development of car culture, movement away from central nucleus of CBD and
development of other smaller centers or foci
Nuclei – independent areas associated with certain activities that support one
another ( universities and bookstores)
-
-Other
○better off far from one another (for example, airports and central
business districts)
○economic specialization (for example, shipping ports and railway
centers)
“Urban Realms” Model – Vance, 1960
-Cities: made up of small self-sufficient urban areas or “realms” with
independent focal points. Functions of the CBD devolve to other realms
(medical, commercial, industrial etc.)
-Five criteria:
○The topological terrain of the area, including water barriers and
mountains
○The size of the metropolis as a whole
○The amount and strength of the economic activity taking place within
each of the realms
○The accessibility internally of each realm in regards to its major
economic function
○The inter-accessibility across the individual suburban realms
“Sector” Model – Hoyt, 1939
-Maintains CBD but allowed for expansion in zones/sectors along
transportation routes
-Low-income households, near railroad lines; commercial establishments along
business thoroughfares (a road or path forming a route between two places)
-Middle and high-income households; furthest away from traffic, noise and
pollution
Informal Settlements
-At the time of the settlement:
○No access to urban services
○Housing is self-built
○Inhabited by urban poor
○No formal “papers”
-Over time, a process of consolidation (sometimes):
○Access to urban services
○Housing improvements
○Tenure security and “papers”
Urbanization
Monday, November 13, 2017
8:44 AM
An increasing proportion of the world's population lives in urban areas
Facts to consider:
By 2050, 70% of the world will live in urban areas
-
Africa has a larger urban population than North America
-
Chicago and Toronto urbanized rapidly, it's a phenomenon that can occur
quickly and drastically
-
Urban areas:
-varies from country to country, and, with periodic reclassification, can also
vary within one country over time, making direct comparisons difficult
Administrative criteria or political boundaries (for example, an area within the
jurisdiction of a municipality or town committee)
-
A threshold population size (where the minimum for an urban settlement is
typically in the region of 2000 people, although this varies globally between
200 and 50,000)
-
Population density
-
Economic function (for example, where a significant majority of the population
is not primarily engaged in agriculture, or where there is surplus employment)
or the presence of urban characteristics (for example, paved streets, electric
lighting, sewerage)
-
Challenges of studying urban areas:
Lack of uniform definition, what is an urban area?
-
Availability of census data (ex. Slum cities, it's a challenge to accurately record
the events taking place within these poverty-stricken areas)
-
Changing definition of urban areas over time makes comparatives studies
difficult
-
Causes and drivers of urbanization:
Industrial revolution
People could move to occupations that existed in towns and cities
(factories)
○
Machinery made life easier, things were manufactured more easily and
more efficiently
○
-
Industrialization following the industrial revolution
Assembly-line manufacturing
○
Employment opportunities
○
Transportation
○
-
Emergence of large manufacturing centers
-
Job opportunities
-
Availability of easy transportation and other infrastructure facilities
-
Migration (immigration, rural migration)
Push/pull factors
○
Similar to migration between periphery and core
○
-
Urban form:
New urban forms are evolving as cities expand and merge
-
Nearly 10% of urban population found in megacities (cities with more than 10
million people) which have multiplied across the globe
-
Most urban growth not taking place in megacities, but in smaller cities and
towns, homes to majority of urban children and young people
-
Megacities: metropolitan area or an urban agglomeration with a population of 10
million or more
Metacities: megacity of more than 20 million people, term developed when
megacities became irrelevant
Urban agglomerations:
Population of a built up/densely populated area containing the city proper,
suburbs, and continuously settled commuter areas or adjoin territory
inhabited at urban levels of residential density
-
Large urban agglomerations often include several administratively distinct but
functionally linked cities
-
Montreal, Vancouver, Toronto
-
Mega-regions:
Rapidly growing urban cluster surrounded by low-density hinterland
-
Formed as a result of expansion, growth, and geographical convergent of more
than one metropolitan area and other agglomerations
-
Common in North America and Europe
-
Characterized by rapidly growing cities, great concentration of people, large
markets, significant economic innovation and potential
-
Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guanzhou in China
-
Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka, Kyoto, Kobe in Japan
-
City-regions:
Urban development on a massive scale
-
Major cities that expands beyond administrative boundaries to engulf smaller
cities, towns, and semi-urban and rural hinterlands
-
Sometimes expands enough to merge with other cities
-
Cape Town city region in South Africa, extends up to 100 km, Bangkok region
in Thailand
-
Urban systems
Interdependent set of urban settlements within a specified regions
-
Urban systems classify urban areas as a part of a larger system:
Size, function, importance
○
Relationships among cities, not just their physical organization
○
-
Key terms:
Primacy
Population of the largest city in an urban system is
disproportionately large in relation to the second and third largest
cities in that system
§
Major city, country's financial, political, and population focal point
§
No other city serves those functions
§
Imbalance in development, usually a progressive core and lagging
periphery (source of labour and other resources)
§
London, Paris, Mexico City, not New York, Mumbai
§
Canada doesn't have primate cities
§
○
Centrality
Functional dominance of cities within an urban system
§
High share of economic, political, and cultural activities relative to
population, not just size
§
○
World cities
Place where information and culture is fathered, disseminated;
entertainment Is provided to wider public through mass media
and universities with worldwide reach
§
Great centers of population that contain a significant proportion
of the richest members of the community
§
Major centers of political power, location of governmental
decision-making and political institutions are located
§
Gateway for trade and mobility infrastructures, representing
national centers for trade due to their ports, airports, railways,
financial institutions
§
Centers of congregation for professional talents (medical, legal,
industrial etc…)
§
New York, London, Tokyo
§
○
-
How do cities grow and expand?
In-migration
National mobility
○
International immigration
○
-
Natural increase
Fertility rates and new household formation among existing population
○
-
Annexation/change in municipal boundaries
Incorporation of small towns
○
Amalgamations by upper level of governments
○
Being with family or with people with common customs, culture, ethnic
enclaves
○
-
Challenges for an urbanizing world:
Population growth
Concentrated in global south, especially in informal settlement areas
○
-
Urbanization in semi-peripheral and peripheral regions
Largest and fastest growing cities
○
Informal economies
○
-
Environmental and social challenges
Access to facilities, healthcare, education, sanitation, clean water, etc…
○
-
Urban Form:
Physical structure and organization of cities
-
Land use, layout, and built environment
Streets, sidewalks, block patterns
○
Location and density of jobs, housing
○
-
Historical legacies and contemporary polities and policy, how the past has
affect the way the city has grown
-
Geography and topography of the location
-
Traditional Concentric Burgess Model
Central Business District (CBD)
Nucleus of commercial district in a city
○
Major institutions, transportation hub
○
Higher density
○
-
Transition zone
Mixed commercial and residential district that surrounds CBD
○
-
Residential zone
Suburbs, countryside
○
-
Bid-rent Theory
Prices and demand for real estate change as one moves away from CBD
○
Highest competition close to CBD
○
CBD offers greatest accessibility to potential customers and highest
profit possibilities
○
-
Metropolitan/Regional Planning
-Center (pre 1930)
○High densities, public transit use, socio-economic diversity
○Gentrification and income polarization
-Inner suburbs (1950s-60s)
○Lower densities, rental and ownership housing, more car-dependent but
still has public transit use
-Outer suburbs (post 1970s)
○Lower densities, high car-dependency, fastest growing area
○Loss of agricultural land
Polycentric City
-Growth and complexity challenge mono-centric models over time
-Within city:
○Mixed-use central neighbourhoods
○Secondary business districts or suburban downtowns
○Residential zones: inner and outer suburbs
○New employment and commercial areas
-Outside city:
○Edge cities, urban-rural interface
Socio-spatial Patterns
-Segregation:
○By social class, race/ethnicity etc.
○Voluntary or by discrimination, exclusionary urban planning, market-
driven urban development
-Congregation: voluntary segregation?
○“The territorial and residential clustering of specific groups or subgroups
of people”
-Why congregate?
○Housing with family or relatives
Particular food shops, places of worship, schools
○
○Community networks and support
○Local employment opportunities etc.
-Citadel - segregation by social class
-Enclave - congregation
-Ghetto - discrimination
-Colonies - arrival areas
Harris & Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model, 1945
-development of car culture, movement away from central nucleus of CBD and
development of other smaller centers or foci
Nuclei – independent areas associated with certain activities that support one
another ( universities and bookstores)
-
-Other
○better off far from one another (for example, airports and central
business districts)
○economic specialization (for example, shipping ports and railway
centers)
“Urban Realms” Model – Vance, 1960
-Cities: made up of small self-sufficient urban areas or “realms” with
independent focal points. Functions of the CBD devolve to other realms
(medical, commercial, industrial etc.)
-Five criteria:
○The topological terrain of the area, including water barriers and
mountains
○The size of the metropolis as a whole
○The amount and strength of the economic activity taking place within
each of the realms
○The accessibility internally of each realm in regards to its major
economic function
○The inter-accessibility across the individual suburban realms
“Sector” Model – Hoyt, 1939
-Maintains CBD but allowed for expansion in zones/sectors along
transportation routes
-Low-income households, near railroad lines; commercial establishments along
business thoroughfares (a road or path forming a route between two places)
-Middle and high-income households; furthest away from traffic, noise and
pollution
Informal Settlements
-At the time of the settlement:
○No access to urban services
○Housing is self-built
○Inhabited by urban poor
○No formal “papers”
-Over time, a process of consolidation (sometimes):
○Access to urban services
○Housing improvements
○Tenure security and “papers”
Urbanization
Monday, November 13, 2017 8:44 AM
Document Summary
An increasing proportion of the world"s population lives in urban areas. By 2050, 70% of the world will live in urban areas. Africa has a larger urban population than north america. Chicago and toronto urbanized rapidly, it"s a phenomenon that can occur quickly and drastically. Urban areas: varies from country to country, and, with periodic reclassification, can also vary within one country over time, making direct comparisons difficult. Administrative criteria or political boundaries (for example, an area within the jurisdiction of a municipality or town committee) A threshold population size (where the minimum for an urban settlement is typically in the region of 2000 people, although this varies globally between. Economic function (for example, where a significant majority of the population is not primarily engaged in agriculture, or where there is surplus employment) or the presence of urban characteristics (for example, paved streets, electric lighting, sewerage)
