CHEM 208 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Penicillin, Butyraldehyde, Over-The-Counter (Finance)
*Chapter 7 Drugs and Medication*
Organic Chemistry
-deals with the study of carbon containing compounds and their
reactions
-organic molecules are present in living organisms and in many
products used in our everyday lives such as foods, household cleaning
products, personal care products
-as the element carbon is present in the majority of drugs used today,
some basic principles of organic chemistry (the study of carbon
compounds)
The Element Carbon
-main characteristics that lead to the formation of such a large number
of organic compounds (over 10 million) with dramatically different
physical and chemical properties include the ability to form:
-covalent single, double and triple bonds with some other elements,
including carbon
-covalent bonds with other carbon atoms to build chains and cyclic
structures
-covalent bonds with elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and
halogens
-carbon is in the same period as Li
-carbon is classified as a nonmetal
each line (bond) represents a pair of electrons:
Single bond: formed by the sharing of one pair of electrons
Double bond: formed by the sharing of two pairs of electrons
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Triple bond: formed by the sharing of three pairs of electrons
Arrangement of Atoms
-among the cyclic structures, the arrangement of carbon atoms in 5- or
6- membered rings is common
-the hexagonal (6-membered) ring with three single and three double
bonds is called a benzene ring
-the number of carbon atoms in benzene ring is 6
-the number of hydrogen atoms in a cyclohexane ring is 12
various ways to represent benzene (C6H6) ring:
other rings:
Various Functional Groups
-organic compounds are divided into some important families based on
their characteristic functional group
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-a functional group can be visualized as a small structural unit or
arrangement of atoms in a molecule that is the chemically functioning
part of the molecule
-in the case of drugs, the functional group(s) are responsible for their
action
-in addition, the functional group(s) may also determine important
parameters such as the rate of uptake and reaction as well as the time of
residence of the drug in the body
(R and R1 represent hydrocarbon fragments which can be the same or
different)
-many substances encountered in out everyday lives are composed of
organic compounds containing one or more of the previously mentioned
functional groups
Propane: CH3CH2CH3 : Fuel in gas barbecue
Ethyl alcohol: CH3CH2OH: present in alcoholic beverages
Butyraldehyde: CH3(CH2)2CHO: responsible for the unpleasant odor
of rancid butter
Acetone: CH3COCH3: component of nail polish remover
Acetic acid: CH3COOH: vinegar is 5% aqueous solution of acetic acid
Ethyl butyrate: CH3(CH2)COOCH2CH3: responsible for the sweet
aroma of pineapple
Alcohol
Formula: CH3(CH2)2CH2OH
Functional group: -OH
Amine
Formula: CH3NH2
Functional group: –NH2
Carboxylic acid
Formula: CH3(CH2)2CH2COOH
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Document Summary
Deals with the study of carbon containing compounds and their reactions. Organic molecules are present in living organisms and in many products used in our everyday lives such as foods, household cleaning products, personal care products. As the element carbon is present in the majority of drugs used today, some basic principles of organic chemistry (the study of carbon compounds) Main characteristics that lead to the formation of such a large number of organic compounds (over 10 million) with dramatically different physical and chemical properties include the ability to form: Covalent single, double and triple bonds with some other elements, including carbon. Covalent bonds with other carbon atoms to build chains and cyclic structures. Covalent bonds with elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and halogens. Carbon is in the same period as li. Carbon is classified as a nonmetal each line (bond) represents a pair of electrons: Single bond: formed by the sharing of one pair of electrons.