PSYO 1012 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Diazepam, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor, Dyskinesia
4 Jul 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Lesson 13: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Chapter 16
Describe the 3 major forms of treatment (Psychological, Biological, Integrative)
-Clinical psychologists: hold a doctoral degree, or Ph.D., with training in both research
and clinical practice and work in clinics, hospitals, and private practice.
oTreatment techniques are often considered psychological due to the fact that they
rarely involve drug treatment or invasive techniques like surgery.
-Counsellors: have doctoral degrees in counselling psychology and receive some of the
same training as clinical psychologists, but with much less emphasis on research.
-Social workers: hold master’s degrees and use many of the same techniques as
psychologists.
oTheir focus is often on issues, such as parenting and substance use, which impact
an individual’s functioning in the community.
-Psychiatrists and neurologists: specialize in the treatment of mental illness, and have
medical degrees as well as residency training.
oLicensed to prescribe pharmaceutical drugs.
-Family doctors: also prescribe medication for mental illness, and write more
prescriptions for antidepressant and anti-anxiety drugs than psychiatrists.
-Integrative therapies combine either drugs and psychotherapies or different variations of
psychotherapy.
Psychological Treatments: include psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, and behavioural
therapies.
Psychotherapy: the se of psychological techniques to modify maladaptive behaviours or thought
patterns, or both, and to help patients develop insight into their own behaviour.
-A therapist and client work together, or a therapist works with a group of people.
-Psychotherapy can be used for self-development as well as the treatment of psychological
disorders.
Psychodynamic psychotherapy: aims to uncover unconscious motives that underlie
psychological problems.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
-The relationship between therapist and client is that of a supportive partnership, in which
the therapist listens to the client in a non-judgemental manner.
-The therapist helps the client to gain insight into the unconscious influences behind
unwanted behaviours.
-The therapist may use techniques such as free association or examine processes that
might reveal unconscious motives, such as transference and repression.
-Freud’s two major techniques for interpreting dreams in order to uncover their
unconscious content were free association and symbols.
oFree association: the client recounts the dream and then takes one image or idea
and says whatever comes to mind, regardless of how threatening, disgusting, or
troubling it may be.
This process is repeated for all recalled dream images.
There should be a connection that unlocks the key to the dream.
oSymbols: dream images are thought of as representing or being symbolic of
something else.
oIf the techniques are successful, the patient becomes aware of the disturbing
thoughts in their unconscious and the problematic symptoms decrease.
-Transference: the client reacts to someone in a current relationship as though that person
were someone from the client’s past.
oIf the reactions occur, the therapist can use the transference to help the client
understand how her behaviour and emotions in current relationships are
influenced by her relationship with her father.
-Freud described many different defence mechanisms, but all of them operate
unconsciously and involve defending against anxiety and threats to the ego.
oRepression: involves forcing threatening feelings, ideas, or motives into the
unconscious.
Dream interpretation and transference are used to uncover repressed
defences and unconscious wishes.
-Catharsis: the process of releasing intense, often unconscious, emotions in a therapeutic
setting.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
-Freud’s method of therapy is not widely used because it is time consuming and costly.
-Interpersonal therapy (IPT): delivered over 12 to 16 sessions where the therapist might
pay attention to the clients’ most recent relationships and interpersonal behaviours that
seem to be related to the onset and maintenance of depression.
Humanistic therapy: seek to help the client reach their greatest potential.
-Carl Rogers developed client-centred therapy which holds that people have mental health
problems because there is a gap between who they are and who they would ideally like to
be.
oThe therapist must show unconditional positive regard meaning that they have
genuine liking and empathy for the client, regardless of what they have done.
oThe goal is to create an atmosphere in which clients can communicate their
feelings with certainty that they are being understood rather than judged.
oIt is also important for the therapist to listen with empathy where the therapist
aims to reiterate what the client says so as to convey the situation from the client’s
point of view.
oIf the unconditional positive regard is effective, the client will develop a strong
sense of self-worth and the confidence to strive for self-fulfillment.
oIn order for self-actualization to be achieved, an individual must feel valued by
the self and others.
-Psychological disorders associated with low self-esteem and negative self-judgement
appear to benefit from humanistic therapy.
-Research tends to support Roger’s view on the importance of the therapeutic relationship
with studies showing strong positive associations between the quality of the client—
therapist relationship and improvement outcomes, regardless of the type of therapy used.
-Positive psychotherapy: focuses explicitly on increasing a person’s happiness, well-
being, and positive emotions.
oPeople who regularly acknowledge what they have to be thankful for have a
higher sense of well-being and happiness.
Behavioural therapy: therapists apply the principles of classical and operant conditioning to
treat psychological disorders.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Describe the 3 major forms of treatment (psychological, biological, integrative) Counsellors: have doctoral degrees in counselling psychology and receive some of the same training as clinical psychologists, but with much less emphasis on research. Social workers: hold master"s degrees and use many of the same techniques as psychologists: their focus is often on issues, such as parenting and substance use, which impact an individual"s functioning in the community. Psychiatrists and neurologists: specialize in the treatment of mental illness, and have medical degrees as well as residency training: licensed to prescribe pharmaceutical drugs. Family doctors: also prescribe medication for mental illness, and write more prescriptions for antidepressant and anti-anxiety drugs than psychiatrists. Integrative therapies combine either drugs and psychotherapies or different variations of psychotherapy. Psychological treatments: include psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, and behavioural therapies. Psychotherapy: the se of psychological techniques to modify maladaptive behaviours or thought patterns, or both, and to help patients develop insight into their own behaviour.
