SOCI-1015EL Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Victorian Era, Sociobiology, Moral Development
20 Jun 2018
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Chapter Four
Socialization is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-
identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.
Human Development: Biology & Society
Sociobiology is the systematic study of how biology affects social behaviour.
Social Psychological Theories of Human Development
Freud & the Psychoanalytic Perspective
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), founder of the psychoanalytic theory, with development in major
theories in the Victorian Era, when explanations of human behaviour were prevalent. According
to freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality,
which he referred to as the id, ego and superego.
The id is the component of personality that includes all of the individuals basic biological
drives and needs that demand immediate gratification.
The ego is the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions
on the innate, pleasure s-seeking drives of the id.
The superego, or conscious, consists of the moral and ethical aspects of personality.
Erikson & Psychosocial Development
Erik H. Erikson (1902-1994), drew from frauds theories, and identified the 8 stages of
development. Erikson expanded the framework of Freud’s theory focusing on social and cultural
forces throughout the life course.
1. Trust versus mistrust (birth-1)
2. Autonomy versus shame and doubt (1-3)
3. Initiative versus guilt (3-5)
4. Industry versus inferiority (6-11)
5. Identity versus role confusion (12-18)
6. Intimacy versus isolation (18-35)
7. Generativity versus self-absorption (35-55)
8. Integrity versus despair (55+)
Piaget & Cognitive Development
Unlike psychoanalytic approaches which focus on personality developments, cognitive
approaches emphasis the intellectual development of children; and are interested in how people
obtain, recess ands information (how we think). The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget
(1896-1980) was in the field of cognitive development. According to Piaget, in each stage of
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Document Summary
Socialization is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self- identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society. Sociobiology is the systematic study of how biology affects social behaviour. Sigmund freud (1856-1939), founder of the psychoanalytic theory, with development in major theories in the victorian era, when explanations of human behaviour were prevalent. According to freud, human development occurs in three states that re ect different levels of the personality, which he referred to as the id, ego and superego. The id is the component of personality that includes all of the individuals basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate grati cation. The ego is the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate, pleasure s-seeking drives of the id. The superego, or conscious, consists of the moral and ethical aspects of personality.
