BIOL 111 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Knot, Hagfish, Chondrichthyes

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BIOLOGY LECTURE 17: VERTEBRATA

Fish were the first vertebrates to develop, evolutionary, we are all fish

because we descended from them

Jaw structures – evolved from pharyngeal gill slits, ex: it is what allows us

to talk right now

Pharyngeal gill slits – evolutionary traits that was featured in the past,

may not have as an adult, i.e. not all fish had pharyngeal gill slits

Pharyngeal gill slits (pouches)

-Located on lateral surface of the head

-Lost in echinoderms

-Deuterostomes

Primary function of PGS: filter feeding; passing through the slits is water,

also used for other functions as respiration (water in, then out the slits) then

O2 and CO2 are exchanged on the arches of the pharyngeal slits

Vertebrata:

Gill slits and gill arches (pharyngeal)

-Bars between the slits = gill arches

-Bone or cartilage

-Gill filaments are on the gill arches

Bony Fishes:

-4 pairs of gill arches

-Each arch has pairs of gill filaments

-Operculum (gill cover for protection)

Gill Filament Structure:

-The fishy equivalent of lungs

-Gas exchange

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-Deoxygenated blood from the heart, becomes oxygenated when it

crosses the capillary beds

-Water and Blood flow are in opposing directions = countercurrent

exchange

-Minimizing heat loss and maximizing movement of gradients for

osmotic purposes (kidneys)

-Maximizing gas exchange (CO2 and O2)

By creating the opposite flow, you maximize the exchange because on

one-side there will be a high concentration of water and oxygen-rich blood

perfect for exchange (look at a pic if confused)

Fish circulatory system:

Closed – arteries  arterioles  capillaries  venules (to heart)  veins

Humans: Systemic and Pulmonary Circuit; 4 chambers

Fish heart = 2 chambered heart

-Strong, muscular pump

-Ventrally located

-Maintains blood flow

-2+ chambers (auricle/atrium and ventricle)

-One-way valves inside

Vertebrates:

-Axial skeleton  cranium, vertebral column

-Appendicular skeleton  pectoral and pelvic girdle

-Closed circulatory system, ventral heart

-Organs suspended in coelom

Hagfish and Lamprey (NO JAWS):

-Cartilaginous skeleton

-Notochord present

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BIOL 111 Full Course Notes

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Fish were the first vertebrates to develop, evolutionary, we are all fish because we descended from them. Jaw structures evolved from pharyngeal gill slits, ex: it is what allows us to talk right now. Pharyngeal gill slits evolutionary traits that was featured in the past, may not have as an adult, i. e. not all fish had pharyngeal gill slits. Located on lateral surface of the head. Primary function of pgs: filter feeding; passing through the slits is water, also used for other functions as respiration (water in, then out the slits) then. O2 and co2 are exchanged on the arches of the pharyngeal slits. Bars between the slits = gill arches. Gill filaments are on the gill arches. Each arch has pairs of gill filaments. Deoxygenated blood from the heart, becomes oxygenated when it crosses the capillary beds. Water and blood flow are in opposing directions = countercurrent exchange.

Related Questions

The chordates share several features which have played asignificant role in the evolution of the phylum. Check all of thefeatures that one would use to exclusively classify members ofChordata and not members of Echinodermata.

a postanal tail during embryonicdevelopment

pharyngeal pouches during embryonicdevelopment

an endoskeleton

a notochord on the dorsal side ofthe gut in the early embryo

deuterostomic development of theembryo

a hollow nerve cord

A number of major evolutionary innovations arose in the fishlineage. Check all of the evolutionary innovations associated withthe fishes.

Teeth arose from the rough scalesof ancestral sharks.

Skeletal developments leading tothe amphibian movement onto land probably evolved from lobe-finnedfishes.

Fish fins are ancestral(homologous) structures to the flippers (forelimbs) ofturtles.

The anterior gill arch formed thebasis for the evolution of the vertebrate jaw.

The swim bladder ultimately led to the evolution of theamphibian urinary bladder.

Select the true statements concerning echinoderms.

They have an exoskeleton made ofhardened calcium carbonate plates.

Echinoderms have radiallysymmetrical larvae that give rise to bilaterally symmetricaladults.

Tube feet are used for locomotionand grasping objects.

Echinoderms are well represented inthe fossil record.

The blastopore of a sea star becomes its anus.

11.

A leafy sea dragon (Phycodurus eques) stays in a fixedposition in the water column as a tourist walks by the display inan aquarium. How is this possible?

The fish counteracts its negativebuoyancy by using its fins.

The fish is essentially hold itsbreath while remaining motionless.

The fish gulps air.

The fish has an operculum and a swim bladder.

15.

The biggest threat to terrestrial life when compared to anaquatic one is

availability of food.

lack of oxygen.

desiccation.

finding mates.

16.

A biologist looking for synapomorphic traits for chordates wouldchoose

segmentation.

possession of a backbone.

possession of an endoskeleton.

indeterminate radial cleavage inthe early embryo.

pharyngeal slits or pouches.

17.

Cartilage and bone contributed to increased size in vertebrates.Evaluate the following statements about these endoskeletal tissuesand determine if they are true or false.

1. A key element of vertebrate bone is a series of dermal ossiclesmade out of calcium carbonate. TrueFalse
2. Bone also contains crystals of a calcium phosphatesalt. TrueFalse
3. Cartilage contains fibers of the proteincollagen. TrueFalse
4. Vertebrate muscles work against bone to provide extraordinarypowers of locomotion. TrueFalse
5. Compared to chitin, bone is much less dynamic and morebrittle. TrueFalse

19.

The breast meat in the bucket of delicious fried chicken isresponsible for

running.

20.

Whales have truly large body sizes. The only invertebrates thatattain body sizes much larger than humans are giant squids. Whatfeature do whales and giant squids share that allow them to attainsuch large sizes?

	Endothermy
	Large brains
	Highly efficient gills
	Internal skeletons

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BIOL 111 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Knot, Hagfish, Chondrichthyes

BIOL 111 Full Course Notes

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