BIOL 112 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Light-Independent Reactions, Phycoerythrin, Carotenoid

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15 Jun 2018

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BIOL 112: PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Takes place in the chloroplasts in cells (thylakoids that drive the light reactions)

- Leads to a lot of production of ATP and NADPH

Calvin Cycle: gas to a solid: dioxide → sugar (picture)

- Must work underneath light energy

Aerobic Respiration: like photosynthesis except has an oxidation of sugar and performs citric acid cycle

Difference between NAD and NADP:

- They have the same properties and occur in plants/animals, but they are used in separate

pathways and concentrations

- NADP for anabolic pathways (to make sugar, best when there is an excess of NADPH and NADP

to drive biosynthetic)

- NAD used for catabolic pathways: excess of NAD (low NADH/NAD ratio) to accelerate oxidation

of sugars and generation of NADH

Capture of Light Energy: Electromagnetic Spectra (High Wavelength → Low E) [vis-versa]

- Photosynthesis happens in the visible light (400 to 700 nm)

o X-Rays or higher energy radiation tears down a molecule, takes away the electrons and

makes the ionized

o High Wavelengths can not lift the electrons to higher energy levels, that only happens in

the visible

- Electron can absorb certain wavelengths (photons) to move it to an excited state (e.g.

chlorophyll a and B carotene causing delocalization and just enough energy to absorb visible

light)

- Excited electrons have PE

Absorption Spectrum:

- Chlorophylls ABSORB blue and red light and reflect green

o The energy is absorbed is displayed onto the spectrum

o Carotenoids absorb blue and green light transmit yellow, orange and red light

Action Spectrum: measures at which the wavelength the photosynthetic reactions take place

- E.g. O2 seeking bacteria congregate in the wavelengths of light where the alga is producing the

most O2

- Overlaps with the absorption spectra of the chlorophylls

- Bumps are the present of carotenoids because they absorb light from different wavelengths

Solar Spectrum: wavelength of light from the sun

- Closer to the sun, the shorter the wavelengths → higher the E

- Phycoerythrin: only in algae/bacteria

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BIOL 112 Full Course Notes

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Document Summary

Takes place in the chloroplasts in cells (thylakoids that drive the light reactions) Leads to a lot of production of atp and nadph. Calvin cycle: gas to a solid: dioxide sugar (picture) Aerobic respiration: like photosynthesis except has an oxidation of sugar and performs citric acid cycle. They have the same properties and occur in plants/animals, but they are used in separate pathways and concentrations. Nadp for anabolic pathways (to make sugar, best when there is an excess of nadph and nadp to drive biosynthetic) Nad used for catabolic pathways: excess of nad (low nadh/nad ratio) to accelerate oxidation of sugars and generation of nadh. Capture of light energy: electromagnetic spectra (high wavelength low e) [vis-versa] Electron can absorb certain wavelengths (photons) to move it to an excited state (e. g. chlorophyll a and b carotene causing delocalization and just enough energy to absorb visible light)

Related Questions

1. All of the following are correct descriptions of photosynthesis except:

A) The Calvin Cycle is endergonic.

B) Electrons are supplied to the reaction center via the splitting of water, which yields O2 as a byproduct

C) Chlorophyll and accessory pigments capture energy from the sun in the form of electrons, which they use to drive the electron transport chains of photosystems I and II.

D) ATP and NADPH generated in the light-dependent reactions are used to power CO2 fixation via the Calvin cycle in the light-independent reactions.

2. In glycolysis and the TCA cycle, glucose is _____ down to CO2; this process _____ lots of ATP and reducing power. In photosynthesis, CO2 is ______ back to sugar by the _______ of lots of ATP and reducing power.

A) reduced; requires; oxidized; production

B) oxidized; requires; reduced; production

C) oxidized; produces; reduced; input

D) reduced; produced; oxidized; input

3. Which description accurately compares cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

A) Photosynthesis uses energy captured from sunlight to power the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugars; cellular respiration oxidizes sugars to yield energy for the cell.

B) The ATP produced via cellular respiration is needed to power the reactions of photosynthesis

C) The pathways of photosynthesis are those of cellular respiration run in reverse.

D) Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to oxidize carbon dioxide to sugars; cellular respiration reduces these sugars to yield energy for the cell.

The complete set of reactions carried out by an organism is called:

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 2

The breakdown of starch is broken down to glucose is an example of:

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 3

For the following statement, determine which description best describes the process: DNA is synthesized from free nucleotides.

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 4

Fill in the blank: Catabolic reactions result in the synthesis of molecules of .............via cellular respiration. This is then used to power anabolic reactions.

Value: 5

The energy in organic molecules is released in a series of steps because:

a. it is not possible to release it in a single step.

b. more total energy is released in multiple steps than would be released in a single step

c. less total energy is released in multiple steps than would be released in a single step.

d. more energy can be harvested for cellular use in multiple steps than from a single step.

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photosynthesis

1-The light reaction of photosynthesis does not include

a. chemiosmosis

b. oxygen liberation

c. glucose synthesis

d. electron transport

Value: 2

Photosynthesis takes place in the membranes of small sacs called

a. thylakoids

b. photosystems

c. stroma

d. photons

Value: 3

During what stage of photosynthesis is O2 produced?

a. the light-dependent reactions involving photosystems I and II

b. carbon fixation

c. the Krebs cycle

d. O2 is not produced during photosynthesis

Value: 4

The pigment molecules responsible for photosynthesis are located in the

a. mitochondria

b. cytoplasm of the cell

c. stroma of the chloroplast

d. thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

Value: 5

During what stage of photosynthesis are ATP and NADPH converted to ADP + Pi and NADP+?

a. the light-dependent reactions

b. the light-independent reactions

c. both of the above

d. none of the above

Value: 6

What energy-rich organic compound is produced as a result of the Calvin cycle?

a. ATP

b. NADPH

c. glucose

d. H2O

Value: 7

During photosynthesis, photons raise electrons to higher energy levels. These excited electrons belong to what compound?

a. water

b. ATP

c. chlorophyll

d. electron transport chain

Value: 8

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

a. photosynthesis occurs only in autotrophs; cellular respiration occurs only in heterotrophs

b. photosynthesis uses solar energy to convert inorganics to energy-rich organics; respiration breaks down energy-rich organics to synthesize ATP

c. photosynthesis involves the oxidation of glucose; respiration involves the reduction of CO2

d. the primary function of photosynthesis is to use solar energy to synthesize ATP; the primary function of cellular respiration is to break down ATP and release energy

5: chloroplast kept in the dark can continue to make sugar is provided with

A: NADPH, CO2, and ADP

B: CO2, and ATP

C: NADPH, ATP, and CO2

D: NADPH and ATP

E: water and ATP

7: C3 plants are more susceptible to photorespiration than either C4 or CAM plants. Why do most plants lack the C4 pathway??

A: Switching between C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis is very difficult for most plants

B: ?Rubisco is more efficient in C3 plants when compared to rubisco of C4 and CAM plants

C: Most plant species do not have vacuoles in their cells to store the malate generated from CO2 taken in during the night.

D; : Photorespiration is not a serious problem for most plants.?

E: There is an energetic cost to C4 and CAM pathways that only makes them advantageous in very hot and/or arid environments.?

8: In Engelmann's classic experiment, why were the oxygen-requiring bacteria clustered around the regions of Spirogyra algae that were bathed in red, blue, and violet light?

A; The bacteria were immobile and that is where Engelmann happened to place them

.?B; The most energy-rich wavelengths of light are found at the edges of visible and nonvisible light (ultra

violet and infrared)

C; Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is consumed by the algae in those regions.

D: Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is produced by the algae in those regions.?

E: : Chlorophyll is green and thus reflects green light.

9: In any experiment, changes to the dependent variable based on the manipulations of the independent variable are measured. When determining the action spectrum of a given plant, what is the independent variable and what is the dependent variable?

A: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = wavelength?

B: ?independent = absorption of light; dependent = wavelength

C: independent = wavelength; dependent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis?

D: independent = wavelength; dependent = absorption of light?

E: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = absorption of light

11: In order to elucidate the Calvin cycle, Calvin and his colleagues used two-dimensional paper chromatography to analyze the presence of different molecules under different conditions. What did they conclude from the accumulation of RuBP when CO2 levels were low??

A: CO2 serves as a non-competitive inhibitor of rubisco.

B: RuBP is the last substrate to react in the Calvin cycle.

C: RuBP only reacts with CO2 when concentrations of ATP are low

D: RuBP is the first substrate to react with CO2

E: RuBP only reacts with CO2 in the sunlight

12: Why isn't oxygen produced by organisms that perform anoxygenic photosynthesis?

A; their membranes lack ATP synthase?

B; They use a different enzyme for the initial reactions of the calvin cycle

C: they use electrons donors other than water

D: their photosystem do not utilize the calvin cycle

E: their chorophyll contains an iron rather than magnesium

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BIOL 112 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Light-Independent Reactions, Phycoerythrin, Carotenoid

BIOL 112 Full Course Notes

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