BIOL 200 Lecture Notes - Transcription Preinitiation Complex, Phenylalanine, Aminoacyl Trna Synthetase

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6 Apr 2012

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The central dogma represents the mechanisms through which a gene (dna) is able to synthesize various proteins which carry out specific tasks in the cell. In prokaryotes (although the process is not so different in eukaryotes), the following ingredients are needed in transcription: Dna template, which served as a blueprint. Ribonucleoside triphosphates (rntps: serve as the monomers of the rna sequence during polymerization. Rna polymerase: an enzyme which catalyzes rna synthesis. All three of these items are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes during transcription. Transcription takes place only using the template strand: transcription begins at the +1 site on the. The promoter is a sequence of dna directly upstream (5" 3") from the +1 site. The coding sequence begins at the +1 site and is used to make the rna sequence. The transcription process must first be initiated by the following 3 steps.

Related Questions

What happens when RNA polymerase hits a nonsense mutation?
a. Transcription stops because nonsense is the same as stop.
b. Translation stops because nonsense encodes stop.
c. Transcription continues until a transcription termination site is reached.
d. Replication con5inues until a ter site is reached which terminates replication. e. none of the above

9. A frame-shift mutation
a. can cause premature translation termination.
b. can be caused by the addition or removal of a base pair. c. can cause the production of a truncated protein.
d. aandc
e. all of the above

10. PCR, polymerase chain reaction requires: a. an RNA template.
b. a thermo-tolerant DNA polymerase.
c. primers that have a 3â- Phosphate.

d. dideoxy nucleotide triphosphates for polymerization. e. bandc

1/ Some bacteria use _______ enzymes as a defense mechanism; these enzymes cut up foreign _______.

a. modification;DNA
b. restriction; DNA
c. restriction; RNA
d. modification: Protein e. modification; RNA

2/ The addition of _______ groups to their DNA is one method used by bacteria to prevent their own DNA from being cut by restriction enzymes.
a. phosphate
b. acetly

c. methyl
d. nicatinamide e. adenyl

3/ Which of the following is a palindromic recognition sequence? a. 5 Ì. . . CAATAG . . . 3 Ì
b. 5 Ì. . . CAATTG . . . 3 Ì
c. 5 Ì. . . CATTTG . . . 3 Ì

d. 5 Ì. . . GATTTC . . . 3 Ì e. 5 Ì. . . CATCAT . . . 3 Ì

4/ DNA, because it has a _______ charge, moves to the _______ end of the field in gel electrophoresis; _______ DNA molecules migrate the most quickly.
a. positive; positive; smaller
b. positive; positive; larger

c. positive; negative; smaller

d. negative; positive; larger e. negative; positive; smaller

5. A 10 base-pair single-stranded DNA fragment was cut by three different restriction enzymes to produce the following fragments:
(1) AC, TAC, and GGATG
(2) TA, CGG, and ATGAC

(3) GAC, GAT, and TACG

The nucleotide sequence of the ten-base fragment is a. ATGCCTACTG.
b. TACGGATGAC.
c. GGATGACTAC.

d. GACGATTACG.
e. The sequence cannot be determined from the information given.

1. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events (from start to finish) in cellular fatty acid oxidation?

A. Fatty acid activationÃ carnitine shuttleÃ beta-oxidation

B. Beta-oxidationÃ carnitine shuttleÃ Fatty acid activation

C. Fatty acid activationÃ carnitine shuttleÃ beta-oxidation

D. Carnitine shuttleÃ Fatty acid activationÃ beta-oxidation

2. What reaction is catalyzed by lipoprotein lipase, or lipase?

A. Hydrolysis of TAGs into fatty acids and glycerol

B. Hydrolysis of TAGs into amino acids and glycerol

C. Hydrolysis of cholesterol in to fatty acid and water

D. Hydrolysis of cholesterol into acetyl-CoA

3. How do fatty acids of different carbon lengths cross into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation?

A. Small FAs of 10 carbons or fewer can freely diffuse through the membrane

B. Large FAs are cleaved into two smaller units that are actively transported across the membrane

C. A membrane-bound transferase catalyzes the conversion of long-chain FAs and FA-carnitine esters, which are transported across the membrane via a specific carrier

D. The breakdown of large FAs starts outside the matrix, allowing for the smaller particles to pass easily through the membrane

4. How can any RNA nucleotide be easily distinguished from a DNA nucleotide?

A. RNA nucleotides have a unique phosphodiester bond linkage

B. RNA nucleotides have uracil nitrogenous bases

C. RNA nucleotides have an -OH on the 2â carbon of the ribose

D. RNA nucleotides cannot be easily distinguished from DNA nucleotides

5. Which of the following statement is true concerning the sequence pTACGTAACGTA?

A. This is an RNA sequence

B. In order to have a more rigid structure in a double-stranded molecule, the sequence given would need more adenosine

C. If the complementary strand were present, the number of purines would be equal to the number of pyrimidines

D. The amount of purines is equal to the amount to pyrimidines

6. Complementary base pairing is considered which level of structure?

A. Secondary

B. Tertiary

C. Quaternary

D. Primary

7. Which of the following is/are required for the polymerization reaction catalyzed by DNA polymerase III?

I. RNA primer

II. DNA primer

III. RNA template

IV. DNA template

V. NTPs

VI. dNTPs

VII. Magnesium

VIII. Calcium

A. II, IV, V, and VII

B. II, IV, VI, and VII

C. I, IV, V, and VIII

D. I, IV, VI, and VII

8. DNA polymerase I, from E. coli, has three different catalytic sites. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

B. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase

C. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

D. DNA-dependent DNA polymerase

9. Eukaryotes solve the problem of replicating the ends of their linear chromosomes by:

A. Using a protein as primer

B. Enzyme activity that uses an RNA template and reverse transcription in a series of repeat cycles

C. All of the listed solution

D. Terminal redundancy whereby each end of the chromosome is duplicated allowing recombination

Biochem:

1. Indicate whether the following describes DNA polymerase, RNApolymerase, both, or none:

a. Binds to single stranded DNA

b. Uses an RNA primer

c. Has proof-reading ability

d. Reads from 3' to 5'

e. Phosphodiester bonds are formed using rNTPs

f. Requires a DNA primer

g. Multiple types are present in eukaryotes

h. Mutiple types are present in prokaryotes

i. Is synthesized bi-directionally

j. Requires there to be a terminal sequence on DNA

k. Is part of a larger complex made up of several proteins

2. Post-translational damage causes the loss of the 2' hydoxylgroup on several adenosine nucleotides within the intron sequenceof a primary RNA transcript. What could possible happen to theresulting mature RNA sequence and consequent protein?

3. Where on the below strand of RNA would you most likely findthe following:

a. Start of transcription

b. Start of translation

c. TATA box

d. Enhancers

e. Initiator

f. Activators

g. Repressors

4. How would the following mutation in the template strand ofDNA affect the translated protein? (x=any base, / = exon/intronjunction)

5-XXXXC/CTGAAGAGGAAGXXXXGTTAGXXXXACTCAC/CTCGC-3 to5-CCTGAAGAGGAAXXXXXXXXGTTAGXXXXACTCACCTCGC-3

5. When will there be a 5'-5' linkage in RNA? When is this bondformed? Which base is commonly involved in this process? What wouldhappen if there was an inability in this enzyme to make the 5'-5'likage?

6. Consider the following strand of mRNA. What protein would beproduced if this strand was translated?

5'- CGUAUGCCCUUUACUAGUAUGUGAUACUAGUAAACC-3'

7. What would be the new protein if the following mutations weremade to the strand in 6? Label/classify each type of mutation.

a. 5'-CGUAUGCCCUUUAACUAGUAUGUGAUACUAGUUAACC-3'

b. 5'-CGUAUGCCCUUCACUAGUAUGUGAUACUAGUUAACC-3'

c. 5'- CGUAUGCCCUUUACUAGUAUUGAUACUAGUUAACC-3'

d. 5'- CGUAUGCCCUUGACUAGUAUGUGAUACUAGUAAACC-3'

e. 5'-CGUAUGCCCUUCACUAGUAUGAGUAACUAGUAACC-3'

f. 5'-CGUAUGCCCUAAACUAGUAUGUGAUACUAGUAAACC-3'

8. What are examples of two different types of point mutationsin sequences coding for hemoglobin production?

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BIOL 200 Lecture Notes - Transcription Preinitiation Complex, Phenylalanine, Aminoacyl Trna Synthetase

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