BIOL 210 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Meta-Analysis, Abdominal Thrusts, Citation Graph
11/07/2017
Lecture 17
• Take home question for final!
o Either citation frequencies over time or biases (women and names)!
o Voting at the end of next lecture
• How to check citations frequencies over time
o Do an author search on web of science
o Go from 1994 (time paper was published)
o We can see that Dicks paper from 1994 is heavily cited→ click on times cited→
click on analyze results→ click on publication years→ top 50 results is okay
(between 1994 and present)→ click selected field and then ANALYZE
o Press Save analysis data to file
o Copy results to excel (don’t include 2017 because it hasn’t been finished)
o If there is a year with nothing add a 0
o Then press insert chart→ scatter
o Now we have citation graph!!!
o We can see an exponential increase!!!! S-shaped curve
• Culturomics website
o Gives you the word frequencies in books over time
o Can look at words like “tradition” vs. “innovation”
▪ We can see that the word tradition decreases in use over time but
innovation increases over time
• Marshall and Warren: two Australians that said that ulcers are caused by bacteria!
o Wanted to show that ulcers could be simply removed with antibiotics
o Initially the hypothesis wasn’t appreciated
o He ingested the bacterial cocktail to cause the ulcer and then removed it with the
antibiotic and then repeated this to prove to everyone!
o After this he received the nobel prize
o Looking at the citation frequencies, we can see that there is no lag in citations!!!
The medical community believed him immediately
o The difference in citations between the international and local journal is
normal…. Lancet is one of the top journals so citations remain high across time
o Because of citation frequency graph we can see that Marshall is exaggerating that
he was ‘shunned’ by the community
▪ No lag in citations after publication
• Heimlich
o Heimlich maneuver is known by everyone.. BUT barely any citations!
o Sometimes good scientific discoveries don’t get many citations
• Barre-Sinoussi: Aid discovery
o From citation frequency graph we can see an immediate increase after publishing,
but this slowly goes down over time
o This is typical of a medical or molecular biology discover
o Discovery becomes obvious after enough time!
• Decrease in citation frequency also happens in geology!
o Ex: continental drift→ at first very highly cited!!
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
If there is a year with nothing add a 0: then press insert chart scatter, now we have citation graph!, we can see an exponential increase!!!! Initially the hypothesis wasn"t appreciated antibiotic and then repeated this to prove to everyone: after this he received the nobel prize, looking at the citation frequencies, we can see that there is no lag in citations!! The medical community believed him immediately: the difference in citations between the international and local journal is normal . In fields where things change very fast technologically, there is an immediate high frequency in citations which then goes down. It is only a scientific revelation when there is an initial. And which p-value would make you most worried for type 2 error (false negative) and least worried: for p=0. 0001, you would be worried about a false negative (type 2) In some sciences, 0. 05 is too relaxed as a p value.
