CHEM 181 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Sydney Ringer, Bone Resorption, Hip Fracture
19 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Video 1
Calcium
99% of calcium is used in our bones of teeth
○
About 1kg of calcium that is involved
○
1% is necessary for nerve transmission and blood
clotting
Discovered in 1883 by Dr. Sydney Ringer
Determined the body needs Ca2+ for
nerve impulses to function
□
§
○
-
Intake
Recommended amounts vary depending on the
country
○
Generally the agreement is the same depending on
the age
Lower amount for children, increasing for
growing years
§
○
Women's calcium intake is much less than men
and transfers into the fact that a lot of women are
ostheoperotic
○
-
Individuals who are training have a higher calcium intake
Men take 2.7x the daily allowance
○
Women take 1.2x the daily allowance
○
-
If the intake is as low as 250mg/day, 265mg lost in the
stool so the balance is -100
Losing calcium overall every day
○
-
Activity 2
What percentage of calcium in the human body is stored
in bones and teeth? 99%
-
Video 2
Osteoporosis (weakening of the bones)
Major issues for women linked to low dietary
calcium
○
About 9 million associated fractures world wide
Hip and wrist fractures are significant for
women
§
When fractures are examined by x-rays, the
numbers are not that dissimilar for men vs.
women
§
○
-
Risk factors
Short stature, underweight, early menopause,
physical inactivity, alcoholism, smoking, excess
caffeine, excess protein, excess fiber
○
The stature of individuals wears down the spine
curves over time
○
-
Resorption for post menopausal women is 1 - 5% per
year
Resorption is the loss of bone mass
○
At 5% per year, half the bone mass is gone in 14
years
○
-
Rule of 70
Take 70 and divide it by percentage change over
time, the time it takes for it to double or half is the
time it takes to do
○
How long to double bone mass if it increases by 1%
per year?
Answer=70 years
§
○
How long to halve the bone mass if it decreases by
7% per year?
10 years
§
○
165,000 hip fractures
17% within 3 months
§
27% die within one year due to
complications
§
○
-
Activity 3
During the lecture the formula for calculating how long it
takes for bone mass to halve was introduced. Suppose
through the use of calcium supplements and increased
physical activity the rate of bone loss was reduced to 4%
per year. Recalculate the number of years it will take to
halve the bone mass
70/4 = 17.5 years
○
-
Video 3
Cells called osteoclast
Liberate acid in their action
Acid takes away the bone material
§
Makes it possible to take away bone material
and calcium which leaves behind a spot
where there is less bone material and is
weakened
§
Specific inhibitors: fosamax inhibits
osteoclasts from functioning, 3% a year
increase in bone mass (specific to the hip)
§
○
-
Cells called osteoblast
B is for build up
○
The build up of the osteoblast (protein and mineral
material that is put together by the body)
○
Matrix is mineralized to the material called bone
○
Once the bone has been put together, the calcium
components of the bone are built up
○
-
Activity 4
Label the cell type associated with bone building and
bone loss represented in the image below
-
-
Osteoblasts: cells are associated with the deposition of
bone mass
A)
Osteoclasts: cells are associated with the resorption of
bone mass
B)
Video 4
Detection of low bone mass
Blood, x-ray, CT scan, single-photon
absorptiometry, double-photon absorptiometry
○
-
FRAX (Average risk by calculation)
-
Video 5
Sales of calcium products have grown in the last 30 years
dramatically
-
Tums dissolves in the body more quickly
-
Calcium carbonate is limestone
Main component of a coral reef
○
-
Take these products such as calcium supplements with
meals because the acid secreted in the stomach
enhances absorption
-
Proton pump inhibits may interfere with calcium
absorption through induction of hypochlorhydria but
they may also reduce bone resorption by inhibiting the
osteoclastic process
-
Calcium tablets are not created equal
-
Calcium content of milk is the same for all types
Whole milk, 2%, fat free milk have similar calcium
contents
○
-
A meta analysis showed that calcium supplementation
may increase the risk for hip fracture by up to 60%
This is because the supplements that are calcium
citrate or calcium carbonate interfere with
phosphate absorption
○
-
Sources of phosphorus (bone building:
Milk, yogurt, cheese, meat, fish, turkey, cola drinks
(coca cola)
○
-
Sources of calcium
Yogurt, sardines, skim milk, whole milk, tofu,
turnips, broccoli
○
-
Video 6
Calcium built up in the arteries can cause heart attacks in
postmenopausal women
One study of 1500 women with a mean age of 74
taking calcium supplements had about a 50%
change of having either a heart attack or a stroke
compared with those taking a placebo
○
-
Calcium uptake is better when vitamin D is enhanced
-
Exercise stimulates bone density and bone mass increase
-
Activity 7
Vitamin D has been shown to increase calcium uptake
when the two supplements are taken together
-
A lack of physical exercise can lead to a decrease in bone
mass therefore weight bearing exercise is recommended
as a treatment for osteoporosis
-
Video 7
Estrogen
May increase risk of uterine cancer
○
May increase risk of breast cancer
○
-
Activity 8
Which of the following is the key reason for using
estrogen to treat osteoporosis?
Estrogen levels decrease after menopause
○
-
Which two health risks may increase due to estrogen
therapy?
Breast cancer and uterine cancer
○
-
The reason progestins are added to estrogen
supplements is to reduce the risk of uterine cancer
-
In 2002 the Women's Health Initiative Study, involving
almost 162,000 participants was stopped by the
researchers because of the risks of long-term estrogen
plus progestin therapy outweighed its protective
benefits. Name two of the health risks that increased for
women taking the hormones compared to those taking
placebos
Heart attack, stroke, breast cancer, blood clots
○
-
Lecture 3 -Topic 3
Saturday, January 20, 2018
11:09 AM
Video 1
Calcium
99% of calcium is used in our bones of teeth
○
About 1kg of calcium that is involved
○
1% is necessary for nerve transmission and blood
clotting
Discovered in 1883 by Dr. Sydney Ringer
Determined the body needs Ca2+ for
nerve impulses to function
□
§
○
-
Intake
Recommended amounts vary depending on the
country
○
Generally the agreement is the same depending on
the age
Lower amount for children, increasing for
growing years
§
○
Women's calcium intake is much less than men
and transfers into the fact that a lot of women are
ostheoperotic
○
-
Individuals who are training have a higher calcium intake
Men take 2.7x the daily allowance
○
Women take 1.2x the daily allowance
○
-
If the intake is as low as 250mg/day, 265mg lost in the
stool so the balance is -100
Losing calcium overall every day
○
-
Activity 2
What percentage of calcium in the human body is stored
in bones and teeth? 99%
-
Video 2
Osteoporosis (weakening of the bones)
Major issues for women linked to low dietary
calcium
○
About 9 million associated fractures world wide
Hip and wrist fractures are significant for
women
§
When fractures are examined by x-rays, the
numbers are not that dissimilar for men vs.
women
§
○
-
Risk factors
Short stature, underweight, early menopause,
physical inactivity, alcoholism, smoking, excess
caffeine, excess protein, excess fiber
○
The stature of individuals wears down the spine
curves over time
○
-
Resorption for post menopausal women is 1 - 5% per
year
Resorption is the loss of bone mass
○
At 5% per year, half the bone mass is gone in 14
years
○
-
Rule of 70
Take 70 and divide it by percentage change over
time, the time it takes for it to double or half is the
time it takes to do
○
How long to double bone mass if it increases by 1%
per year?
Answer=70 years
§
○
How long to halve the bone mass if it decreases by
7% per year?
10 years
§
○
165,000 hip fractures
17% within 3 months
§
27% die within one year due to
complications
§
○
-
Activity 3
During the lecture the formula for calculating how long it
takes for bone mass to halve was introduced. Suppose
through the use of calcium supplements and increased
physical activity the rate of bone loss was reduced to 4%
per year. Recalculate the number of years it will take to
halve the bone mass
70/4 = 17.5 years
○
-
Video 3
Cells called osteoclast
Liberate acid in their action
Acid takes away the bone material
§
Makes it possible to take away bone material
and calcium which leaves behind a spot
where there is less bone material and is
weakened
§
Specific inhibitors: fosamax inhibits
osteoclasts from functioning, 3% a year
increase in bone mass (specific to the hip)
§
○
-
Cells called osteoblast
B is for build up
○
The build up of the osteoblast (protein and mineral
material that is put together by the body)
○
Matrix is mineralized to the material called bone
○
Once the bone has been put together, the calcium
components of the bone are built up
○
-
Activity 4
Label the cell type associated with bone building and
bone loss represented in the image below
-
-
Osteoblasts: cells are associated with the deposition of
bone mass
A)
Osteoclasts: cells are associated with the resorption of
bone mass
B)
Video 4
Detection of low bone mass
Blood, x-ray, CT scan, single-photon
absorptiometry, double-photon absorptiometry
○
-
FRAX (Average risk by calculation)
-
Video 5
Sales of calcium products have grown in the last 30 years
dramatically
-
Tums dissolves in the body more quickly
-
Calcium carbonate is limestone
Main component of a coral reef
○
-
Take these products such as calcium supplements with
meals because the acid secreted in the stomach
enhances absorption
-
Proton pump inhibits may interfere with calcium
absorption through induction of hypochlorhydria but
they may also reduce bone resorption by inhibiting the
osteoclastic process
-
Calcium tablets are not created equal
-
Calcium content of milk is the same for all types
Whole milk, 2%, fat free milk have similar calcium
contents
○
-
A meta analysis showed that calcium supplementation
may increase the risk for hip fracture by up to 60%
This is because the supplements that are calcium
citrate or calcium carbonate interfere with
phosphate absorption
○
-
Sources of phosphorus (bone building:
Milk, yogurt, cheese, meat, fish, turkey, cola drinks
(coca cola)
○
-
Sources of calcium
Yogurt, sardines, skim milk, whole milk, tofu,
turnips, broccoli
○
-
Video 6
Calcium built up in the arteries can cause heart attacks in
postmenopausal women
One study of 1500 women with a mean age of 74
taking calcium supplements had about a 50%
change of having either a heart attack or a stroke
compared with those taking a placebo
○
-
Calcium uptake is better when vitamin D is enhanced
-
Exercise stimulates bone density and bone mass increase
-
Activity 7
Vitamin D has been shown to increase calcium uptake
when the two supplements are taken together
-
A lack of physical exercise can lead to a decrease in bone
mass therefore weight bearing exercise is recommended
as a treatment for osteoporosis
-
Video 7
Estrogen
May increase risk of uterine cancer
○
May increase risk of breast cancer
○
-
Activity 8
Which of the following is the key reason for using
estrogen to treat osteoporosis?
Estrogen levels decrease after menopause
○
-
Which two health risks may increase due to estrogen
therapy?
Breast cancer and uterine cancer
○
-
The reason progestins are added to estrogen
supplements is to reduce the risk of uterine cancer
-
In 2002 the Women's Health Initiative Study, involving
almost 162,000 participants was stopped by the
researchers because of the risks of long-term estrogen
plus progestin therapy outweighed its protective
benefits. Name two of the health risks that increased for
women taking the hormones compared to those taking
placebos
Heart attack, stroke, breast cancer, blood clots
○
-
Lecture 3 -Topic 3
Saturday, January 20, 2018 11:09 AM
11
CHEM 181 Full Course Notes
Verified Note
11 documents
Document Summary
99% of calcium is used in our bones of teeth. 1% is necessary for nerve transmission and blood clotting. Determined the body needs ca2+ for nerve impulses to function. Generally the agreement is the same depending on the age. Lower amount for children, increasing for growing years. Women"s calcium intake is much less than men and transfers into the fact that a lot of women are ostheoperotic. Individuals who are training have a higher calcium intake. If the intake is as low as 250mg/day, 265mg lost in the stool so the balance is -100. Major issues for women linked to low dietary calcium. Hip and wrist fractures are significant for women. When fractures are examined by x-rays, the numbers are not that dissimilar for men vs. women. Short stature, underweight, early menopause, physical inactivity, alcoholism, smoking, excess caffeine, excess protein, excess fiber. The stature of individuals wears down the spine curves over time.
