GEOG 316 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Hakeem Jeffries, Rutherford B. Hayes, New York'S 12Th Congressional District
13 Apr 2019
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Upper house: equity in seats; equitable distribution of power. Lower house: rep by population & communities of interest. Pros: upper smooth out differences, provide smaller regions more representation. Cons: create "lesser houses", engagement wanes; also overrepresent small/rural. Singular house: e. g. nz rep by pop & communities of interest and regional rep; qc & on also abolished upper houses (qc 1968) pros: simpler; rep by pop & democratic expression (one individual) Manipulative: partisan political actors working to give advantage. Affirmative: provide rep to people who would be shut out otherwise. * problematic in fptp. because district size changes; power obtained too few parties viable. Canada: point 1 kinda; point 2 we have enough minor political parties. Australia: same as canada; no real incentive to game the system. Mr. gerry drew a district that resembled a salamander . Cracking: distribute voters to dilute, make minority in many regions; utah split up urban areas to dilute democrat voice.
