HIST 214 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: High Middle Ages, Studium Generale, Irnerius
19 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Birth of Universities
Cathedral schools
Learned the liberal arts (grammar, rhertoric, improved Latin)
○
After 3 years they turned to science (math, music, astronomy)
○
Each university has own specialization in the beginnning
○
-
Founded on guild principle
Mutual protection
○
Similar training and advancement
○
Institutions meant to protect the people who attended them
○
-
Independence from secular and ecclesiastical authorities
Gives charters to exempt from taxes
○
Live outside the juristic world
○
-
Town vs. gown
-
Semi-clerical status
Places students outside of legal juristiction of the cities
○
Live according to clerical habits
○
-
Studium generale
Trivium, Quadrivium
○
Give them the right to issue diplomas, have graduates
Allow graduates to teach elsewhere
§
○
-
Paris, Bologna, Salerno
Paris known for studying theology
○
Bologna known for studying law
○
Salerno known for studying medicine
Because of proximity to Islamic world
§
Able to draw on traffic and learn about medicine
§
○
-
Revival of law
Law = ancient custom
Regional
○
Personal
○
-
Corpus luris Civilis
Irnerius and Bologna
○
"civil law"
○
Law can have a certain logic/narrative as a system
○
Able to establish more stability due to legal system
○
-
Canon law
Gratian (scholar), Decretum (compilation of catholic legal ideas into one
collection)
Catholic church growing in power and becoming first international
governmental body
§
○
Growth of papal jurisdiction
○
-
Popular literature
Rise of vernacular literatures
Diglossia (two languages that co-exist in society)
One is vernacular and one is a more classy language
§
○
Produce or read works in own language instead of Latin
○
People are now considered more literate in their own language
○
-
Chansons de geste
Epic songs created for the amusement of the aristocracy
○
Didactic and moralizing
Policing the boundaries of acceptable behaviour
§
○
Ennobling tendencies of chivalric society
Crusades
§
○
Song of Roland
○
Transformation of the aristocracy in songs?
○
-
Marie de France (lais and fables)
Moralized accounts of heroic and courtly deeds
○
-
Chretien de Troyes (romans)
Didactic but also entertainment (jongleurs)
○
-
Rise of the Monetary Economy
Social and economic changes
-
Bourgeoisie
(stingy) wealth in moveable goods
○
-
Vs. noble
(frivolous) wealth in land
○
-
Merchants not one of pray-ers, fighters, workers
Do not fit into divinely ordained part of society
○
Yet they play an influential role in society
○
Growing reaction against the role of money in society
○
-
Monetary economy against divinely fixed order
-
Sumptuary laws
Efforts to make society go back to the way that it was
○
Limit what people can wear (hierarchy of forms of luxurious clothing)
Outward sign of status
§
○
Also relevant to food
○
Spice was a status symbol (restrict public spice consumption)
○
-
Poor relief
The wealthy are consistently condemned in the new testament
○
New members of the urban elite is to turn their wealth into poor relief
○
Institutions can donate money as penance
○
-
Fair prices and usury
Usury (loan/interest) is useful because it creates credit
○
-
Nobles are without income
Rents were fixed to a certain amount and never changed
What was expensive in the 10th century stayed the same price for
generations
§
○
-
Mendicant orders
The evils of a monetary economy
Society is reacting against this (changing of orders, new forms of power)
○
-
Imitation Christi
-
Apostolic poverty (lifestyle)
Idea that Jesus commanded followers to give up their possessions
○
Same ideal is adopted by the Mendicants (refusing wealth and spreading
message of Christ)
○
-
Peter Waldo and Alexander III in 1179
Wealthy merchant living in Lyon in the 12th century
○
Takes on the model himself
○
Orders a translation of the bible from Latin to French (dangerous)
Condemned by the church for this
§
Doesn't have a license to preach but he is threatening the power of the
church
§
○
-
Rise of the missionizing mentality
Rise of heresy within Chistendom
Cathars
○
Church has to answer to this because there is a challenge to church authority
○
-
Creations of the Mendicant Orders (mendicant = to beg for sustinance)
Acceptance of poverty
○
-
Franciscans
Address moral problems and heresy
○
Address immorality due to increased wealth
○
Direct contact with the people
○
-
Dominicans (also a mendicant religion)
-
Established as a direct challenge to the rise of heresy
Created to preach against Cathars
○
General role as the religious police of Christendom
○
-
St. Francis of Assissi (1182-1226)
Son of a wealthy merchant
-
Member of the urban elite
-
Was a soldier for a while, plays a role of the up and coming bourgeoisie
-
Church of St. Damain 1206
Starts to build it by himself
○
Rejects fathers wealth
○
-
Absolute poverty and personal example
-
Through examples you can battle heresy
If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell that thou has and give it to the poor (Matt
XIX:21)
○
-
Recognition of material creation
Canticle of the sun
○
-
Popular preaching
Allows him to establish his own group (Franciscans)
○
-
Innocent III 1210
-
Regular primitiva
-
Cardinal Ugolino (Gregory IX) "father of the saint's family"
-
Rapid success
-
Regula prima 1221
-
Regula secunda 1223
-
1220 Francis resigns as Minister General
Goes off on a Crusade and tries to missionize the Muslims
○
What the Franciscans believe in is different than his aims
○
-
Testament 1226 (not binding until 1230)
He dies in 1226
○
-
Canonization 1228
-
1245 legal ownership through papacy
-
Spiritual (Franciscans)
Condemn papacy, condemn the church
○
Want to establish their own church
○
-
Have to ask permission from the church in order to preach and beg
-
St. Dominic (1170-1221)
An order based on the new intellectual world, framed by universities and intellectual
pursuits
-
1205 papal mission to preach
-
Asks the papacy if he can missionize the Mongols
Preaches to the Cathars
○
-
Fourth Lateran Council 1215
Recognized as a new mendicant order (same level of Franciscans)
○
-
Adopt rule of St. Augustine
-
Known as the black friars and idea of poverty
Poverty, but preaching before all
○
-
Heresy from ignorance
If people read the bible then they would not be heretics
○
-
Intellectual study
Infiltrate university systems
○
-
Representative government
-
Domini canes
"police force of the Catholic church"
○
Convert heretics back to Catholicism and root them out in other ways
○
-
Inquisition
Instrumental in new form of policing the heresy
○
-
Almost as successful as Franciscans in attracting followers and establishing
democratic leadership where each chapter is able to elect leaders
Meant they are being kept accountable to Dominicans themselves
○
-
New missionizing
Greater awareness of outside world
Missions to Muslim world and beyond
○
1246 Dominicans and Franciscans missionize the Mongols
○
-
Continued failure of the Crusades
Violence is not doing a good job of converting people
○
Effort to engage with other religions on an intellectual level to try and get
people to convert
○
Language schools (arabic and hebrew) where Dominicans study the language
and better understand the religions of the people they are trying to missionize
to
○
-
Move to seek victory through conversion
-
Awareness of the need to address Islamic and Jewish religious traditions specifically
Create necessary infrastructure for training missionaries
○
-
Jews = identifiable captive audience
-
Jews and Muslims = internal threat of conversion
Incastellamento of faith
○
-
Mendicants' effects
Missionizing foreign lands and rural Europe
Increased access to representatives of the church
○
The church is increasing number of required sacraments for Christians
○
-
Parallel papal support
-
Disputes with secular clergy
-
Sacralization of new economy
-
Concomitant with rise of urban particiate
-
Mendicants
Live in the "high middle ages"
-
Intellectual development
-
Lecture 9 -The Mendicants
Wednesday, October 18, 2017
12:37 PM
Birth of Universities
Cathedral schools
Learned the liberal arts (grammar, rhertoric, improved Latin)
○
After 3 years they turned to science (math, music, astronomy)
○
Each university has own specialization in the beginnning
○
-
Founded on guild principle
Mutual protection
○
Similar training and advancement
○
Institutions meant to protect the people who attended them
○
-
Independence from secular and ecclesiastical authorities
Gives charters to exempt from taxes
○
Live outside the juristic world
○
-
Town vs. gown
-
Semi-clerical status
Places students outside of legal juristiction of the cities
○
Live according to clerical habits
○
-
Studium generale
Trivium, Quadrivium
○
Give them the right to issue diplomas, have graduates
Allow graduates to teach elsewhere
§
○
-
Paris, Bologna, Salerno
Paris known for studying theology
○
Bologna known for studying law
○
Salerno known for studying medicine
Because of proximity to Islamic world
§
Able to draw on traffic and learn about medicine
§
○
-
Revival of law
Law = ancient custom
Regional
○
Personal
○
-
Corpus luris Civilis
Irnerius and Bologna
○
"civil law"
○
Law can have a certain logic/narrative as a system
○
Able to establish more stability due to legal system
○
-
Canon law
Gratian (scholar), Decretum (compilation of catholic legal ideas into one
collection)
Catholic church growing in power and becoming first international
governmental body
§
○
Growth of papal jurisdiction
○
-
Popular literature
Rise of vernacular literatures
Diglossia (two languages that co-exist in society)
One is vernacular and one is a more classy language
§
○
Produce or read works in own language instead of Latin
○
People are now considered more literate in their own language
○
-
Chansons de geste
Epic songs created for the amusement of the aristocracy
○
Didactic and moralizing
Policing the boundaries of acceptable behaviour
§
○
Ennobling tendencies of chivalric society
Crusades
§
○
Song of Roland
○
Transformation of the aristocracy in songs?
○
-
Marie de France (lais and fables)
Moralized accounts of heroic and courtly deeds
○
-
Chretien de Troyes (romans)
Didactic but also entertainment (jongleurs)
○
-
Rise of the Monetary Economy
Social and economic changes
-
Bourgeoisie
(stingy) wealth in moveable goods
○
-
Vs. noble
(frivolous) wealth in land
○
-
Merchants not one of pray-ers, fighters, workers
Do not fit into divinely ordained part of society
○
Yet they play an influential role in society
○
Growing reaction against the role of money in society
○
-
Monetary economy against divinely fixed order
-
Sumptuary laws
Efforts to make society go back to the way that it was
○
Limit what people can wear (hierarchy of forms of luxurious clothing)
Outward sign of status
§
○
Also relevant to food
○
Spice was a status symbol (restrict public spice consumption)
○
-
Poor relief
The wealthy are consistently condemned in the new testament
○
New members of the urban elite is to turn their wealth into poor relief
○
Institutions can donate money as penance
○
-
Fair prices and usury
Usury (loan/interest) is useful because it creates credit
○
-
Nobles are without income
Rents were fixed to a certain amount and never changed
What was expensive in the 10th century stayed the same price for
generations
§
○
-
Mendicant orders
The evils of a monetary economy
Society is reacting against this (changing of orders, new forms of power)
○
-
Imitation Christi
-
Apostolic poverty (lifestyle)
Idea that Jesus commanded followers to give up their possessions
○
Same ideal is adopted by the Mendicants (refusing wealth and spreading
message of Christ)
○
-
Peter Waldo and Alexander III in 1179
Wealthy merchant living in Lyon in the 12th century
○
Takes on the model himself
○
Orders a translation of the bible from Latin to French (dangerous)
Condemned by the church for this
§
Doesn't have a license to preach but he is threatening the power of the
church
§
○
-
Rise of the missionizing mentality
Rise of heresy within Chistendom
Cathars
○
Church has to answer to this because there is a challenge to church authority
○
-
Creations of the Mendicant Orders (mendicant = to beg for sustinance)
Acceptance of poverty
○
-
Franciscans
Address moral problems and heresy
○
Address immorality due to increased wealth
○
Direct contact with the people
○
-
Dominicans (also a mendicant religion)
-
Established as a direct challenge to the rise of heresy
Created to preach against Cathars
○
General role as the religious police of Christendom
○
-
St. Francis of Assissi (1182-1226)
Son of a wealthy merchant
-
Member of the urban elite
-
Was a soldier for a while, plays a role of the up and coming bourgeoisie
-
Church of St. Damain 1206
Starts to build it by himself
○
Rejects fathers wealth
○
-
Absolute poverty and personal example
-
Through examples you can battle heresy
If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell that thou has and give it to the poor (Matt
XIX:21)
○
-
Recognition of material creation
Canticle of the sun
○
-
Popular preaching
Allows him to establish his own group (Franciscans)
○
-
Innocent III 1210
-
Regular primitiva
-
Cardinal Ugolino (Gregory IX) "father of the saint's family"
-
Rapid success
-
Regula prima 1221
-
Regula secunda 1223
-
1220 Francis resigns as Minister General
Goes off on a Crusade and tries to missionize the Muslims
○
What the Franciscans believe in is different than his aims
○
-
Testament 1226 (not binding until 1230)
He dies in 1226
○
-
Canonization 1228
-
1245 legal ownership through papacy
-
Spiritual (Franciscans)
Condemn papacy, condemn the church
○
Want to establish their own church
○
-
Have to ask permission from the church in order to preach and beg
-
St. Dominic (1170-1221)
An order based on the new intellectual world, framed by universities and intellectual
pursuits
-
1205 papal mission to preach
-
Asks the papacy if he can missionize the Mongols
Preaches to the Cathars
○
-
Fourth Lateran Council 1215
Recognized as a new mendicant order (same level of Franciscans)
○
-
Adopt rule of St. Augustine
-
Known as the black friars and idea of poverty
Poverty, but preaching before all
○
-
Heresy from ignorance
If people read the bible then they would not be heretics
○
-
Intellectual study
Infiltrate university systems
○
-
Representative government
-
Domini canes
"police force of the Catholic church"
○
Convert heretics back to Catholicism and root them out in other ways
○
-
Inquisition
Instrumental in new form of policing the heresy
○
-
Almost as successful as Franciscans in attracting followers and establishing
democratic leadership where each chapter is able to elect leaders
Meant they are being kept accountable to Dominicans themselves
○
-
New missionizing
Greater awareness of outside world
Missions to Muslim world and beyond
○
1246 Dominicans and Franciscans missionize the Mongols
○
-
Continued failure of the Crusades
Violence is not doing a good job of converting people
○
Effort to engage with other religions on an intellectual level to try and get
people to convert
○
Language schools (arabic and hebrew) where Dominicans study the language
and better understand the religions of the people they are trying to missionize
to
○
-
Move to seek victory through conversion
-
Awareness of the need to address Islamic and Jewish religious traditions specifically
Create necessary infrastructure for training missionaries
○
-
Jews = identifiable captive audience
-
Jews and Muslims = internal threat of conversion
Incastellamento of faith
○
-
Mendicants' effects
Missionizing foreign lands and rural Europe
Increased access to representatives of the church
○
The church is increasing number of required sacraments for Christians
○
-
Parallel papal support
-
Disputes with secular clergy
-
Sacralization of new economy
-
Concomitant with rise of urban particiate
-
Mendicants
Live in the "high middle ages"
-
Intellectual development
-
Lecture 9 -The Mendicants
Wednesday, October 18, 2017 12:37 PM
Document Summary
Learned the liberal arts (grammar, rhertoric, improved latin) After 3 years they turned to science (math, music, astronomy) Each university has own specialization in the beginnning. Institutions meant to protect the people who attended them. Places students outside of legal juristiction of the cities. Give them the right to issue diplomas, have graduates. Able to draw on traffic and learn about medicine. Law can have a certain logic/narrative as a system. Able to establish more stability due to legal system. Gratian (scholar), decretum (compilation of catholic legal ideas into one collection) Catholic church growing in power and becoming first international governmental body. One is vernacular and one is a more classy language. Produce or read works in own language instead of latin. People are now considered more literate in their own language. Epic songs created for the amusement of the aristocracy. Do not fit into divinely ordained part of society. Yet they play an influential role in society.
