PHGY 210 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Haldane Effect, Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, Carbonic Anhydrase

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14 May 2012

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Lecture ten- monday, january 25th, 2010: measuring pulmonary blood flow (q) using fick"s principle. O2 consumption per minute (v(dot)o2) is equal to the o2 taken up by the blood in the lungs in one minute. The [o2] in the blood entering the lungs is cv(venous)o2 and that leaving is ca(arterial)o2. V(dot)o2: measured by comparing [o2] in the expired gas collected in a large spirometer and [o2] in inspired gas; Cvo2: measured via a catheter from the pulmonary artery. V transport of o2 and co2: o2 physically dissolved in plasma. Because o2 is relatively insoluble in h2o, the amount of. O2 dissolved in blood is very small, and linearly proportional to po2. In 100 ml of plasma, there is 0. 3 ml of o2 (i. e. 0. 3 volume %) when equilibrated with po2 of 100 mm hg. O2 consumption (vo2) by the body cells, even at rest, is much greater than what can be supplied from the amount dissolved in blood.

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If 10 kg of rock salt is placed in water, it dissolves at a rate proportional to the amount of salt still undissolved. If 2 kg dissolve during the first 10 minutes, how long will it be until only 2 kg remain undissolved?

(a) Using Bernoulli's equation, show that the measured fluid speed v for a pitot tube, like the one in Figure 12.7 (b), is given by where h is the height of the manometer fluid, is the density of the manometer fluid, is the density of the moving fluid, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. (Note that v is indeed proportional to the square root of h, as stated in the text. (b) Calculate v for moving air if a mercury manometer's h is 0.200m.

Figure 12.7 Measurement of fluid speed based on Bernoulli's principle. (a) A manometer is connected to two that are close togeter and small enough not to disturb the flow. Tube 1 is open at the end facing the flow. A dead spot having zero speed is created there. Tube 2 has an opening on the side, and so the fluid has a speed V across the opening; thus, pressure there drops. The difference in pressure at the manometer is , and so h is proportional to .

(b) This type of velocity measuring device is a Prandtl tube, alos known as a pitot tube.

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When the heart pumps blood into the aorta, the pressuregradient-the difference between the blood pressure inside the heartand the blood pressure in the artery-is an important diagnosticmeasurement. A direct measurement of the pressure gradient isdifficult, but an indirect determination can be made by measuringthe Doppler shift of reflected ultrasound. Blood is essentially atrest in the heart; when it leaves and enters the aorta, it speedsup significantly and-according to Bernoulli's equation-the pressuremust decrease. A doctor using ultrasound of 2.5 MHz measures a 5400Hz frequency shift as the ultrasound reflects from blood ejectedfrom the heart.
Part A
What is the speed of the blood in the aorta? Assume that the speedof sound in human body is 1540 m/s
A:1.7 m/s
***Part B
What is the difference in blood pressure between the inside of theheart and the aorta? Assume that the patient is lying down and thatthere is no difference in height as the blood moves from the heartinto the aorta.

PHGY 210 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Haldane Effect, Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, Carbonic Anhydrase

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