PHGY 210 Lecture Notes - Cotransporter, Natriuresis, Zona Glomerulosa

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14 May 2012

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Sodium (na) and water are important components of the body fluids. Total-body balance of na and water has to be maintained to sustain normal blood pressure and life. We are in water and sodium balance! water intake = water output sodium intake = sodium output. Depending on intake: water output can vary from 0. 4 l/day to 25 l/day; sodium chloride output can vary from 0. 05 g/day to 25 g/day. Both sodium and water are freely filtered but ~99% is reabsorbed (no secretion). The majority of sodium and water reabsorption (~2/3) occurs in the proximal tubule. Active na+/k+-atpase pumps transport sodium out of the cells and keep the intracellular concentration of sodium low. Sodium moves downhill from the tubular lumen into the tubular epithelial cells. Each tubular segment has different mechanisms. e. g. in the proximal tubule: na+-h+ antiporter. In the ccd: diffusion via na+ channel (counterporter) Plasma concentration of sodium is not a marker for total body sodium.

Related Questions

In which of the following situations could total internalreflection occur? Choose all that apply.

Going from water to oxygen.

Going from sodium chloride to benzene.

Going from ice to sodium chloride.

Going from carbon dioxide to carbon disulfide.

Going from fused quartz to ethyl alcohol.

Going from air to carbon tetrachloride

Fill in the nine gaps in this table.
Symbol B
Protons 19
Neutrons 20
Electrons 18
Mass number 11 40

Identify the unknown particle (X) in the following equations fornuclear decay, and state whether each process is alpha decay, betadecay, or gamma decay. (Type your answer according to this format:4 2 He represents . Use gamma to enter ?.)
(a) ? X + -
X =

(b) ? + X
X =

(c) ? + X
X =

Actinium-225 () undergoes alpha decay.
(a) Write the equation. (Enter the mass number in the first raisedbox, the atomic number in the second lower box, and the element,with charge if necessary, in the third box.)
? + He

(b) The daughter formed in part (a) undergoes beta decay. Write theequation. (Enter the mass number in the first raised box, theatomic number in the second lower box, and the element, with chargeif necessary, in the third box.)
? + e

Classify each of the following materials as an element, compound,heterogeneous mixture, or homogeneous mixture.
(a) concrete
element
compound
heterogeneous mixture
homogeneous mixture

(b) clear apple juice
element
compound
heterogeneous mixture
homogeneous mixture

(c) nitrogen
element
compound
heterogeneous mixture
homogeneous mixture

(d) ozone
element
compound
heterogeneous mixture
homogeneous mixture

Refer to the figure below. Find the approximate solubility (g/100 gwater) of sugar at 20Â°C.
g/100 g of water

Give the symbol for each of the following elements.
(a) lead

(b) sodium

(c) oxygen

Give the name of each element.
(a) Cu

(b) Bi

(c) Ti

Volcanoes emit much hydrogen sulfide gas, H2S, which reacts withthe oxygen in the air to form water and sulfur dioxide, SO2. Every53 tons of H2S reacts with 75 tons of oxygen and forms 28 tons ofwater. How many tons of SO2 are formed?

An antacid tablet weighing 0.939 g contained calcium carbonate asthe active ingredient, in addition to an inert binder. When an acidsolution weighing 56.233 g was added to the tablet, carbon dioxidegas was released, producing a fizz. The resulting solution weighed56.954 g. How many grams of carbon dioxide were produced?

Calculate (to the nearest 0.1 u) the formula mass of thesecompounds.
(a) sodium phosphate, Na3PO4
u

(b) methane, CH4
u

(c) silver cyanide, AgCN
u

Calculate (to the nearest 0.1 u) the formula mass of thesecompounds.
(a) silver carbonate, Ag2CO3
u

(b) calcium bromide, CaBr2
u

(c) magnesium hydroxide, MgOH
u

Balance these chemical equations. (Use the lowest possiblecoefficients.)
(a) O2 + N2H4 ? H2O2 + N2

(b) Sr + H2O ? Sr(OH)2 + H2

(c) NH3 + O2 ? N2 + H2O

(d) Al + Fe3O4 ? Al2O3 + Fe

(e) Fe(OH)2 + O2 + H2O ? Fe(OH)3

(f) Pb(NO3)2 ? PbO + NO2 + O2

(a) Calcium and chlorine react to give calcium chloride in acombination reaction. Write and balance the equation. (Type youranswer using the format CO2 for CO2. Use the lowest possiblecoefficients.)

Ca + ?

(b) Heating decomposes Na2CO3 to sodium oxide and carbon dioxide.Write and balance the equation. Type your answer using the formatCO2 for CO2. Use the lowest possible coefficients.)

Na2CO3 ? + CO2

Write and balance the reaction for the complete combustion ofmethanol, CH3OH. (Type your answer using the format CO2 for CO2.Use the lowest possible coefficients.)

A magnetic field of 0.1T forces a proton beam of 1.5 mA to move ina circle of radius 0.1 m. The plane of the circle is perpendicularto the magnetic field.

47. Of the following, which is the best estimate of the speed of aproton in the beam as it moves in the circle?
(A) 10-2 m/s (B) 103 m/s (C) 106 m/s (D) 108 m/s (E) 1015 m/s

52. An ideal gas is initially in a state that corresponds to point1 on the graph above, where it has presÂ¬sure p1, volume V1, andtemperature T1. The gas undergoes an isothermal process representedby the curve shown, which takes it to a final state 3 attemperature T3. If T2 and T4 are the temperaÂ¬tures the gas wouldhave at points 2 and 4, respecÂ¬tively, which of the followingrelationships is true?
(A) T1 < T3 (B) T1 < T2 (C) T1 < T4 (D) T1 = T2 (E) T1 =T4

53. The absolute temperature of a sample of monatomic ideal gas isdoubled at constant volume. What effect, if any, does this have onthe pressure and density of the sample of gas?
Pressure Density
(A) Remains the same Remains the same
(B) Remains the same Doubles
(C) Doubles Remains the same
(D) Doubles Is multiplied by a factor of 4
(E) Is multiplied by a factor of 4 Doubles

62. A sample of an ideal gas is in a tank of constant volume. Thesample absorbs heat energy so that its temperature changes from 300K to 600 K. If v1 is the average speed of the gas molecules beforethe absorption of heat and v2 is their average speed after theabsorption of heat, what is the ratio v2/ v1 ?
(A) 1/2 (B) 1 (C) (D) 2 (E) 4

63. Two people of unequal mass are initially standing still on icewith negligible friction. They then simulÂ¬taneously push each otherhorizontally. Afterward, which of the following is true?
(A) The kinetic energies of the two people are equal.
(B) The speeds of the two people are equal.
(C) The momenta of the two people are of equal magnitude.
(D) The center of mass of the two person system moves in thedirection of the less massive person.
(E) The less massive person has a smaller initial acceleration thanthe more massive person.

64. Two parallel conducting plates, separated by a distance d, areconnected to a battery of emf e. Which of the following is correctif the plate separaÂ¬tion is doubled while the battery remainsconnected?
(A) The electric charge on the plates is doubled.
(B) The electric charge on the plates is halved.
(C) The potential difference between the plates is doubled.
(D) The potential difference between the plates is halved
(E) The capacitance is unchanged.

68. A rod on a horizontal tabletop is pivoted at one end and isfree to rotate without friction about a vertical axis, as shownabove. A force F is applied at the other end, at an angle ? to therod. If F were to be applied perpendicular to the rod, at whatdistance from the axis should it be applied in order to proÂ¬ducethe same torque?
(A) L sin ? (B) L cos ? (C) L (D) L tan ? (E) L

70. A 4 ÂµF capacitor is charged to a potential differÂ¬ence of 100V. The electrical energy stored in the capacitor is
(A) 2 x 10-10 J (B) 2 x 10 8 J (C) 2 x 10 6 J (D) 2x 10-4 J (E) 2 x10-2 J

PHGY 210 Lecture Notes - Cotransporter, Natriuresis, Zona Glomerulosa

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