PSYC 100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Operant Conditioning, David Buss, Sensation Seeking
3363410481 and 38233 others unlocked
29
PSYC 100 Full Course Notes
Verified Note
29 documents
Document Summary
Loehlin,+ nichols,+ examined+ similarities+ in+ personality+ among+ over+ 800+ pairs+ of+ twins. + identical+ twins+had+much+more+similarities+than+fraternal+twins. +p. 592. + Bouchard:+twins+raised+apart+are+as+similar+as+twins+raised+together,+or+even+more+so. +identical+ twins+ become+ more+ alike+ as+ they+ age. + this+ is+ because+ parents+ emphasis+ their+ individual+ differences+when+children. + Adoption( studies:+ siblings+ who+ are+ adopted+ are+ more+ similar+ than+ 2+ strangers. + personality+ of+ adopted+children+isn"t+similar+to+that+of+adoptive+parents,+which+means+that+parenting+style+has+ little+influence+on+personality. +sibling"s+personalities+slowly+grow+apart+as+their+initial+differences+ become+magnified+through+their+interactions+with+the+world. + Genes+ predispose+ certain+ personality+ traits+ associated+ with+ behavioural+ tendencies. + multiple+ genes+interact+independently+with+the+individual"s+environment+to+produce+general+dispositions. + Work+ on+ infants,+ because+ personality+ differences+ early+ in+ life+ indicates+ the+ action+ of+ biological+ mechanisms. ++ Buss+ and+ plomin:+ 3+ personality+ characteristics+ can+ be+ considered+ temperaments:+ activity+ level,+ emotionality+and+sociability. +these+are+the+main+factors+influenced+by+genes. + Gender(and(temperaments:+great+difference+in+early+childhood. +girls+have+a+stronger+ability+to+ control+ their+ attention,+ and+ to+ resist+ their+ impulses. + boys+ are+ more+ physically+ active,+ and+ experience+more+highgintensity+pleasure. +there+are+no+differences+in+negative+emotions. ++ Kagan:+15g20%+of+newborns+react+to+new+situations+or+strange+objects+by+becoming+distressed,+ they+ are+ said+ to+ be+ inhibited,+ a+ characteristic+ that+ he+ views+ as+ being+ biologically+ determined. + Inhibited+children+show+greater+reactivity+in+brainstem+measures,+which+are+the+same+when+they+ are+ 12+ as+ when+ they+ are+ 4+ months. + shy+ people+ have+ a+ much+ greater+ activation+ when+ showed+ unfamiliar+faces. +25%+of+shy+children+aren"t+shy+later+childhood. +this+development+occurs+when+ parents+ create+ supportive+ and+ calm+ environment+ in+ which+ children+ can+ deal+ with+ stress+ and+ novelty+at+their+own+paces. +shyness+also+varies+across+cultures. +thus+social+and+cultural+factors+ highlight+the+interplay+between+nature+and+nurture. ++