BIOLOGY 1M03 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Allele Frequency, Genotype Frequency, Ecology

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ambersalmon43

14 Jun 2020

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Two de nitions of evolution: heritable changes in species traits over time, changes in allele frequency, genotype - the collection of an individual"s genes, phenotype - the collection of an individual"s (physiological and physical) traits. What we can usually observe about an individual. Phenotype is largely (but not entirely) determined by genotype. Analyzing genotype frequencies: make simple assumptions about how frequencies work, calculate expected frequencies under our assumptions, measure observed frequencies in the population, look for evidence of systematic (non-random) di erence between expected and observed frequencies. Assumptions: expected frequencies are usually calculated by assuming that alleles assort randomly and independently, like ipping two coins or rolling two dice. Hardy-weinberg distribution: the hardy-weinberg distribution is the distribution expected if alleles work like coins (random and independent) If p is frequency of allele a1 and q is frequency of allele a2, then: frequency of genotype a1a1 is p^2, frequency of genotype a2a2 is q^2, frequency of genotype a1a2 is 2pq.

Related Questions

These all relate to exceptions to the inheritance patterns encountered by Mendel.â

Why do multiple and lethal alleles often result in modifications of the classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios?

Select the four correct statements.

-When an essential gene is mutated, it can result in a lethal phenotype. There are no classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios.

-In the case of codominance, heterozygotes produce gene products from both alleles of a gene. Classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios are modified by codominance.

-In the case of incomplete dominance, the phenotype of the heterozygote is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of homozygous individuals. Classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios are modified by incomplete dominance.

-Genes exist in a large number of allelic versions and a diploid organism has two homologous gene loci that may be occupied by different alleles of the same gene. This can result in many different phenotypes for traits, which may not follow typical Mendelian ratios.

-When an essential gene is mutated, it can result in a lethal phenotype. This results in a modification of classic Mendelian ratios.

-The phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of the homozygous genotypes. The joint expression of both alleles in a heterozygote is called codominance. There are no classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios.

-Genes exist in a large number of allelic versions, but in a diploid organism, only one allele of the gene can occupy one homologous gene loci. Classic Mendelian inheritance cannot explain this phenomenon.

-Each gene produces a unique gene product. The effect of one allele in a heterozygote completely masks the effect of the other. Classic Mendelian genetics cannot explain this phenomenon.

QUESTION 1

Jim is blood type A, his brother John is type O and his sister Jane is type AB. What are the genotypes of their parents?

Which of the following is true for alleles that show incomplete dominance?

Heterozygotes have a genotype like the dominant allele.

Homozygotes have a genotype like the recessive allele.

Heterozygotes have a phenotype intermediate between the dominant and recessive alleles.

Homozygotes have the same phenotype as the heterozygotes.

QUESTION 3

Which principle of inheritance concluded that when games are formed in meiosis, the two alleles of each gene separate from one another, and each gamete receives only one allele?

independent assortment

Which term best describes a condition in which alleles at one locus can alter the expression of alleles at another locus?

polygenic inheritance

A single unit of genetic information located on a chromosome defines:

The physical expression (appearance or function) of an organism's genes defines:

genotype

a single characteristic

Palomino horses (golden color with a blond mane) are an incompletely dominant trait produced by the combination of the chestnut color allele and the cream color allele. If you wanted to produce as many palominos as possible, which mating strategy below would be the best choice?

Which term best describes the effect of a single gene on multiple aspects of the phenotype?

polygenic inheritance

QUESTION 9

Which term best describes the separate expression of both alleles for a single trait in the same cell?

polygenic inheritance

QUESTION 10

One form of a gene found on a single chromosome defines:

A chocolate lab (whose mother was a yellow lab) is mated with a black lab whose genotype is BbEe. What fraction of the offspring would be expected to be yellow labs?

What type of allele is always expressed regardless of whether the individual is homozygous or heterozygous for it?

Both the dominant and recessive alleles

Given the parents AABBGgHhrr Ã AabbGgHhRr, assume simple dominance and independent assortment. What proportion of the progeny will be expected to have the genotype AaBbggHHrr?

___________________ is defined as having two of the same type of allele for a particular trait.

The physical position of an allele on a single chromosome defines:

Which term best describes two or more genes affecting the phenotype in an additive fashion?

codominance

polygenic inheritance

Q1. Which of the following statements is true about the disease Kuru?
Kuru is caused by a virus, which is contracted by eating human brain material.
Kuru is caused by a prion (PrP), which is contracted by eating human brain material.
Kuru is caused by a recessive allele for PrP; if a person has two copies, he or she will develop Kuru.
Kuru is caused by a dominant allele for PrP; if a person has two copies, he or she will develop Kuru.
Kuru is caused by having one copy of the dominant allele and one copy of the recessive allele for PrP.

Q2. True or false: One can calculate the frequency of alleles in a population if the genotypes of the members of the population are known.

True False

Q3. The Hardy-Weinberg equation is p2 + 2pq + q2. In this equation, q2 stands for the frequency of ____________ in a population.

The recessive allele O

ne of the homozygous genotypes

The dominant allele

Heterozygous genotype

Q4. Which of the following descriptions best fits the relationship between the terms gene, allele, locus, and chromosome?

Alleles are different forms of a gene, which can be found at a locus on a chromosome.

Genes are made up of chromosomes, which can be found at a locus on an allele.

Chromosomes are different forms of a gene, which can be found at an allele on a locus.

A locus is made up of alleles, which can be found at a gene on a chromosome.

Q5. Mead and his colleagues proposed a hypothesis for the apparent heterozygote advantage for the PrP locus. What did they suggest as the basis for the high presence of both alleles?
History of cannibalism.
Protection from malaria.
Protection against plague.
They did not propose a heterozygotic advantage for the PrP locus.

Q7. A frog population has two alleles for skin color at the following relative frequencies: Allele SC1= 0.8, Allele SC2 = 0.2. Allele SC2 is:
Dominant
Recessive
Co-dominant
Impossible to determine dominance from the information given.

Q8. A bird population has two alleles for feather color at the following relative frequencies: Allele FC1 = 0.5, Allele FC2 = 0.5. Allele FC1 is:
Dominant
Recessive
Co-dominant
Impossible to determine dominance from the information given.

Q9. Use the following information for both questions 9 and 10: You encounter a few populations of millipedes with variation in skin color. Genotype can be inferred from coloration: CC millipedes are black, Cc millipedes are brown, and cc millipedes are yellow. [You can launch a calculator byclicking here.]

If one millipede population has 60 black individuals, 20 brown individuals, and 20 yellow individuals, what is the relative frequency of allele C in that population?

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Impossible to calculate from the information given.

Q10. If another millipede population's allele frequencies are 0.5 for C and 0.5 for c, what is the expected frequency of the cc genotype in the population, if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
0.125
0.25
0.5
1.0
Impossible to calculate from the information given.

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BIOLOGY 1M03 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Allele Frequency, Genotype Frequency, Ecology

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