BIOLOGY 2B03 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Spindle Apparatus, Sister Chromatids, G2 Phase
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23 Apr 2020
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Module 9 lecture 1: cell cycle regulation: cyclin-dependent kinases and e3 ligases. M phase: m phase further divided into phases, interphase (g1-s-g2) - cell prepares for mitosis. Chromosomes replicated in s-phase and centrosomes duplicated in g1/s: prophase - chromosomes condense and mitotic spindles assemble as duplicated centrosomes separate to opposite sides of cell. Nuclear envelope dissolution and endomembranes breakdown: prometaphase - chromosomes fully condensed and attach to centrosomes. Kinetochores assemble at centromeres to mediate association with plus-ends of spindle microtubules: metaphase - spindle microtubules attach to every chromosome (bipolar attachment). Chromosomes aggregate in middle of mitotic spindle from pulling towards pole: anaphase - sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles of spindles after bipolar attachment, telophase - after sister chromatid separation, cell reverses all changes from prophase. Chromosomes decondense and spindle disassembles and nuclear envelope and endomembrane systems reassemble: cytokinesis - two cells are separated with exact replicate of nucleus - cell membranes pinched off between both cells.
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