HISTORY 1DD3 Lecture 10: Industrialization & Consequences
19 Feb 2019
School
Department
Course
Professor
Lecture 10: Industrialization and Its Consequences
Dr. Stephen Heathorn – Winter 2019
▪ Population Growth
o Industrialization was accompanied by an increase in population and
urbanization, as well as a new social organization
o Increase in population from the late 18th c. was dramatic
o England and some German-speaking stats showed a growth rate of more than
1% annually
▪ At this rate, the population would double in about 70 years
o In the US, the increase was more than 3%
▪ This might have been disastrous if it weren’t for the vastness of the
North American continent and its wealth of natural resources
o The European and North American population increase was pushed by:
▪ Greater supply of food due to the Agricultural Revolution
▪ Growth of medical science and public health measures (which reduced
the death rate and added to the population base)
▪ Urbanization in Europe
o Until Industrial Revolution, most of the world’s population was rural
o Mid-19th c., half of the English people lived in cities
o End of the century, the same was true of most other European countries
o At the beginning of the 19th c., there were only 20 or so cities in Europe with a
population of 100,000
▪ 1900 – this figure increased to more than 150 cities
▪ Urbanization Factors
o Industrialization called for the concentration of a workforce
▪ Factories were often located where coal or other essential material was
available
▪ Ex. The Ruhr in Germany and Lille in northern France
o The necessity for marketing finished goods created great urban centres where
there was access to water or railways
▪ Ex. Liverpool, Hamburg, Marseilles, and New York
o A natural tendency for established political capitals to become centres for the
banking and marketing functions of the new industrialism
▪ Ex. London, Paris, and Berlin
▪ Factory/Mining Towns
o Rapid growth of the cities was a mixed blessing
▪ New factory towns tended to be mostly squalid, poorly-built homes
and apartments
▪ Mining towns contained long monotonous rows of company-built
cottages, furnishing minimal shelter
▪ Inadequate Living Standards
o Bad living conditions in towns can be traced to the speed with which they
were built, poor building materials, and inadequate municipal sanitation
facilities
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