KINESIOL 1C03 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Low-Density Lipoprotein, Monocyte, Insulin Resistance

64 views8 pages

jadekangaroo683

19 Apr 2016

School

Department

Course

Professor

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

Cardiovascular disease: leading cause of death. Cancer: second leading cause of death. Declined by 59% from 1960 to 2013: due to preventative medication, better surgical and medical intervention. Coronary heart disease: number 1 cause of death out of cvd breakdown. Incidence of acute myocardial infarction: heart attack 1. 2 million. Annual cardiac deaths 400,000: half of those are sudden. Cancer is the leading cause of death: lung cancer is the highest out of all cancers. Men are at greater risk for cvd compared to women: till age 75. Risk for women starts to increase past age 75: mainly because of loss of estrogen, also because men with cvd are dying. Women still at lower risk in 50-60: because atherosclerosis takes time to buildup. Costs of cvd"s are increasing: cvd cost . 3 billion, cad cost . 1 billion, stroke cost . 6 billion. European countries have higher cvd mortality rates. Usa has higher cvd mortality compared to canada.

Related Questions

Please, help me answer the following questions on Chronic Diseases and Risks. No guess work, thank you!

QUESTION 1 Chronic diseases generally have several underlying characteristics, including a. A long latency period between exposure to risk and disease outcomes b. Low degree of preventability c. High curve rate d. None of the above

QUESTION 2 Which of the following risk factors collectively explain a significant proportion (not incidence) of most chronic diseases? a. Tobacco, alcohol, diet

b. Tobacco, alcohol, diet, physical activity c. Alcohol, physical activity d. Tobacco, diet, physical activity

QUESTION 3 Adherence to treatment is influenced by several interacting dimensions including a. Social and economic factors b. Healthcare system factors c. Condition-related factors

d. Therapy-related factors e. Patient related factors f. All of the above

QUESTION 4 _________ is the leading cause of cancer in both developed and developing countries worldwide a. Radiation exposure b. Tobacco use c. Pesticide exposure d. Air pollution QUESTION 5 This week's YouTube video on treating non-communicable diseases in Rwanda showed how a community health worker helps to treat heart disease, diabetes and _______ a. Cancer b. Asthma c. Hepatitis d. HIV/AIDS

QUESTION 6 Which of these are myths of chronic disease control a. Benefits of chronic disease control accrue not only to the individual but also to the population b. Economic growth improves all health conditions c. Chronic diseases are associated with low SES/poverty d. Chronic disease only occurs in the elderly e. a and c f. b and d

QUESTION 7 ___________ remains the leading cause of death among both men and women in low- and middle-income countries a. Cancer b. Cardiovascular disease c. Diabetes d. Obesity e. Respiratory disease

QUESTION 8 Chronic disease in adults accounts for approximately 60% of all deaths worldwide. True False

QUESTION 9 The WHO's Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions Framework includes a positive policy environment True False

QUESTION 10 It is estimated that the overall number of cancer cases will rise by 50% in the next 20 years. True False

periwinkleskunk371

This includes showing all calculations and explaining why you selected a specific answer for each multiple choice question (i.e. donât just circle the correct answer). I am looking to see how you got the answer, not just that you have the correct answer.

Below is data from the United States Cancer Statistics about the number of news cases of lung cancer in males in the U.S. for 2011 for ages 30 and older.

Table 1: U.S. Population Size and Incidence Cases of Lung Cancer in Males for 2011

Age (Years)	U.S. Male Population	White Population	White Incidence Cases	Black Population	Black Incidence Cases
30-34	10,181,564	7,950,924	88	1,383,650	22
35-39	9,666,162	7,557,263	212	1,271,897	23
40-44	10,363,126	8,259,215	643	1,324,847	132
45-49	10,856,131	8,766,225	2,032	1,373,346	444
50-54	10,976,172	9,004,383	5,128	1,329,551	1,148
55-59	9,733,849	8,101,629	8,607	1,091,030	1,687
60-64	8,466,308	7,183,960	12,340	845,362	2,067
65-69	6,014,777	5,178,255	15,792	539,796	2,077
70-74	4,360,942	3,769,569	16,011	376,129	1,864
75-79	3,204,196	2,807,216	14,319	255,221	1,426
80-84	2,319,839	2,078,071	11,284	154,155	883
85+	1,873,942	1,688,433	7,616	117,267	545
Total	88,017,008	72,345,143	94,072	10,062,251	12,318

3. What is the age-specific incidence rate for lung cancer in white men age 75-79 for 2011?(1 pt)

0.005 per 1000

1.3 per 1000

1.2 per 1000

5.1 per 1000

5.6 per 1000

F. Cannot be calculated from the given information

4. What is the age-specific incidence rate for lung cancer in black men age 75-79 for 2011? (1 pt)

0.005 per 1000

1.3 per 1000

1.2 per 1000

5.1 per 1000

5.6 per 1000

F. Cannot be calculated from the given information

Questions 5 through 7 are based on the information below:

Using the information in Table 1, researchers calculated the crude incidence rates and age-adjusted incidence rates (via the direct method) for both groups.

Table 2: Crude incidence rates and age-adjusted incidence rates for white and black males

White Males		Black Males
Crude Incidence Rate	Age-adjusted Incidence Rate	Crude Incidence Rate	Age-adjusted Incidence Rate
1.3 per 1000	1.2 per 1000	1.2 per 1000	1.5 per 1000

5. True or False, there is likely a difference in the age composition between the white and black males. Explain your answer

6. Based on the information in Table 2, it was reported that there was an increased risk of lung cancer in black males in 2011. (1 pt)

The conclusion is:

Correct, the age-adjusted rate is higher in black males compared to white males

Correct, because both the crude and age-adjusted rates are higher in black males compared to white males

Incorrect, because the incidence rate for white males is actually higher than the incidence rate for black males

7. What type of age-adjusted rate was calculated in table 2? How does it differ from the age-adjusted rate in question 5 in the in-class exercise for age-adjustments? Hint: See slide title: Adjustments for Other Measures of Disease Frequency in the lecture title Adjusted Rates (1 pt)

Question 8 is based on the information given below:

Cause-specific mortality rates for men in 2010 in the U.S. from various types of cancers are shown in the table below:

Cause-Specific Mortality Rates

(per 100,000 Men)

Location of the Cancer

in the Body White Asian

Pancreas 13.2 5.7

Prostate 19.1 2.5

Lung 62.3 18.5

Skin 4.9 0.3

8. The inference that White men in the U.S. are at higher risk of death due to cancer of the pancreas, prostate, lung, and skin compared to Asian men in the U.S. is

A. correct

B. incorrect because of failure to determine cause-specific mortality rates

incorrect because proportionate mortality alone does not give an estimate of risk

D. incorrect because of failure to adjust for differences in the age composition of the two populations

E. incorrect because counts were used when cause-specific mortality rates were needed

9. In January 1996, a team of epidemiologists identified a sample of 4,500 men, 65-74 years of age, for a study of prostate cancer. Tests indicated that 315 of the men already had prostate cancer and, therefore, were not at risk. The rest of the men were followed prospectively for five years to determine the incidence rate of prostate cancer in the sample. By the end of the five years of follow-up 156 of the men had developed prostate cancer. What is the incidence rate of prostate cancer in this group?

10. An epidemiologic investigation that started on January 1, 2011, identified a population of 1,000 individuals. At the start of the study 4 were found to have the disease. During the year of study, 6 new cases were found; thus a total of 10 cases were identified. Among those 10 cases, 6 deaths occurred during the year. What was the prevalence of the disease during the 1-year study?

pinkhornet564

PLEASE ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS..PLEASE NOT ONLY 1 QUESTION. THANK YOU

QUESTION 1. Chronic diseases generally have several underlying characteristics, including a.A long latency period between exposure to risk and disease outcomes b. Low degree of preventability c. High curve rate d.None of the above

QUESTION 2.Which of the following risk factors collectively explain a significant proportion (not incidence) of most chronic diseases. a.Tobacco, alcohol, diet b.Tobacco, alcohol, diet, physical activity c. Alcohol, physical activity d.Tobacco, diet, physical activity

QUESTION 3.Adherence to treatment is influenced by several interacting dimensions including a.Social and economic factors b. Healthcare system factors c.Condition-related factors d.Therapy-related factors e.Patient related factors f.All of the above

QUESTION 4. _________ is the leading cause of cancer in both developed and developing countries worlwide a.Radiation exposure b. Tobacco use c.Pesticide exposure d.Air pollution

QUESTION 5.This week's YouTube video on treating non-communicable diseases in Rwanda showed how a community health worker helps to treat heart disease, diabetes and _______ a.Cancer b.Asthma c.Hepatitis d.HIV/AIDS

QUESTION 6.Which of these are myths of chronic disease control a.Benefits of chronic disease control accrue not only to the individual but also to the population b.Economic growth improves all health conditions c. Chronic diseases are associated with low SES/poverty d.Chronic disease only occurs in the elderly e.a and c f.b and d

QUESTION 7 ___________ remains the leading cause of death among both men and women in low- and middle-income countries a.Cancer b.Cardiovascular disease c. Diabetes d.Obesity e.Respiratory disease

QUESTION 8.Chronic disease in adults accounts for approximately 60% of all deaths worldwide. True False

QUESTION 9.The WHO's Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions Framework includes a positive policy environment. True False

QUESTION 10.It is estimated that the overall number of cancer cases will rise by 50% in the next 20 years. True False

QUESTION 11.Comorbidity refers to simultaneous occurrence in a person of two or more disorders; comorbid conditions can increase the risk of adverse outcomes. True False

QUESTION 12.Emerging evidence supports starting promotion efforts during pregnancy and early childhood and continuing efforts throughout life lower exposures to major chronic disease risk factors. True False

QUESTION 13. Increased cumulative exposure to risk factors over the lifecourse combined with social and economic inequalities, leads to the levels of inequalities seen in later adult life. True False

QUESTION 14.The "compression of morbidity" model proposes that morbidity due to aging cannot be postponed or mitigated by disease prevention programs True False

QUESTION 15.There is few significant funding sources for chronic diseases in low-and middle-income countries. True False

QUESTION 16.To combat chronic diseases, modern, evidence-based interventions emphasize shared decision making and collaborative goal setting among providers and patients. True False

QUESTION 17.In the absence of legislative, financial and engineering approaches, health education programs often have a limited impact on preventing or reducing chronic diseases. True False

QUESTION 18. It is estimated that deaths from diet-related chronic disease in China will triple between 1995 and 2025. True False

QUESTION 19.The third highest percent of global DALY's is attributed to which risk factor? a.Alcohol use b.Tobacco use c.Unsafe sex d.Childhood underweight

QUESTION 20.In the 1990's which country experienced a substantial decline in male life expectancy as a result of dramatic socio-political changes a.China b.Russia c. India d.Canada

jademole302

KINESIOL 1C03 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Low-Density Lipoprotein, Monocyte, Insulin Resistance

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

KINESIOL 1C03 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Myocardial Infarction, Coronary Artery Disease, Cardiovascular Disease

KINESIOL 1C03 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Rheumatism, Wicket-Keeper, Herodicus

KINESIOL 1C03 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Coronary Artery Disease, Framingham Heart Study, High-Density Lipoprotein

Related Questions