LINGUIST 1A03 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: English Plurals, Affricate Consonant, Sonorant
24 Jun 2018
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Lecture Eight
How to find Phonemes through distribution:
1) Background: what do we know?
2) Observations: minimal pairs?
3) Observations: environments? (Environment chart)
4) Conclusions?
Contrastive (have their own patterns) different phonemes
Not contrastive (only one has a pattern) allophones of the same phoneme
Ex) Lebanese Arabic: [i] and [I]
Observations
. In the word- final position [i] was always there
. [I] was elsewhere
. Does [I] always appear at the end of a word? NO
. THUSLY we have complementary distribution BECAUSE they are never in the same
environment. This is because they are allophones of one phoneme
[I] (is the underlying form)
[i] (specific one) [I]
Ex) Standard Spanish [d] and [the backwards 6]
Observe: [d] is elsewhere and is the underlying form and [the backwards 6] is
always between two vowels
Conclude: they are two allophones of one phoneme
Observe:
. [the backwards 6] appears between vowels and [d] appears elsewhere
. [funky B] appears between vowels and [b] appears elsewhere
. [funky Y] appears between vowels and [g] appears elsewhere
. Stops are elsewhere and fricatives are between vowels, 3 phonemes in Spanish
both of which have 2 phonemes
Conclusion: voiced stops are the underlying form and voiced fricatives become
voiced stops in certain environments. We can group these into natural classes.
Allophonic variation often occurs across a class of sounds.
Features [+ -] Segments Syllables
. Classes of sounds share features
. Control with our articulators
. Stops (- continuant), liquids and glides and fricatives (+ continuant), and nasals are
(- continuant)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Not contrastive (only one has a pattern) allophones of the same phoneme. In the word- final position [i] was always there. Thusly we have complementary distribution because they are never in the same environment. This is because they are allophones of one phoneme. Ex) standard spanish [d] and [the backwards 6] Observe: [d] is elsewhere and is the underlying form and [the backwards 6] is always between two vowels. Conclude: they are two allophones of one phoneme. [the backwards 6] appears between vowels and [d] appears elsewhere. [funky b] appears between vowels and [b] appears elsewhere. [funky y] appears between vowels and [g] appears elsewhere. Stops are elsewhere and fricatives are between vowels, 3 phonemes in spanish both of which have 2 phonemes. Conclusion: voiced stops are the underlying form and voiced fricatives become voiced stops in certain environments. Allophonic variation often occurs across a class of sounds.
