PHILOS 2CT3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Modus Tollens, Modus Ponens, Inductive Reasoning
4 Mar 2018
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Lecture 9 reasoning and argument continued- part 1. An argument is only as good as its content and formal structure: an argument is poor, specious, or fallacious if it has 1) false premises or 2) insufficient logical connection between premises to support the conclusion. Deduction = a form of reasoning where the conclusion necessarily follows from the formation of the premises: e. g. Valid = if it is impossible for the conclusion not to follow from the relation of the premises deductive validity: ex: no cats are mammals. Sound = if the structure of the argument is valid and the premises out of which it is constructed are true deductively sound: ex: all mammals give birth to live young. Therefore, whales give birth to live young: induction: Whereas a deductive argument"s conclusion necessarily follows from the premises, an inductive argument"s conclusion does not. Induction = a form of reasoning where the conclusion follows with greater or lesser probability or likelihood: e. g.
