BLG 143 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Sister Chromatids, Spindle Apparatus, Nuclear Membrane
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12 Jan 2017
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Meiosis: nuclear division that precedes formation of gametes (egg+sperm) and results in halving of chromosome #. First off: each species has a unique # of chromosomes. Haploid: species with only one set of chromosomes. One set from maternal parent, other set from paternal parent. Autosomes: regular chromosomes, doesn"t carry genes involved in determining sex. Karyotype: # and types of chromosomes present in an organism. Homologous chromosomes: the 2 chromosomes of each type, similar in size, shape and gene content. In diploids, the products of meiosis are halpoid. Early: chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks up, spindle apparatus form. Homologous chromosomes pair together in a process called synapsis, forming a tetrad, consisting of 2 homologous chromosomes. During synapsis, the 2 pairs of sister chromatids are held tightly together by a network of proteins called the synaptonemal complex. Late: crossing over between non-sister chromatids occurs, joined at chiasmata (sing: chiasma). Sister chromatids attach to the spindle fibres at their kinetochores.
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Which statements pertaining to genetic variability are correct? Check all that apply (note that wrong answers will be deducted from right answers)!
Crossing over is defined by the exchange of chromosome pieces during metaphase one of meiosis. |
If a germ cell (i.e. parent cell before meiosis) had only two pairs of homologous chromosomes (i.e. 4 chromosomes total) there are 2 possible combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes in gametes. |
Siblings produced by sexual reproduction are different because sperms are different from one another and eggs are different from one another, and the combination of an egg and sperm is basically unique. |
Random fertilization means that all possible combinations of eggs and sperm are equally likely, i.e. it is pure chance which sperm fuses with which egg. |
Individual chromosomes contain thousands of genes. This means that during each crossing over event, more than one gene is exchanged between paternal and maternal chromosomes. |