CRM 100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Municipal Police, Royal Newfoundland Constabulary, Peter Manning
5 Jun 2018
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Sep 19, 2017
CHAPTER 4
The Emergence of Modern Policing:
● Pre-Confederation-mostly informal policing by community residents
● The first full-time police force was created in London in 1929 by Sir Robert Peel
(increasing fear of crime due to Industrial Revolution)
○ Before this, policing was a community responsibility
● Peel was denounced as a potential dictator after winning acceptance of his police plan
for London
● Established high standards of recruitment and training and selected constables from the
community
● Principles of Sir Robert Peel:
1. The basic mission of the police is to prevent crime and disorder
2. The ability of the police to perform their duties depends on public approval of
their actions
3. Police must secure the cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of the
law to secure and maintain the respect of the public
4. The degree of public cooperation with police diminishes proportionately to the
necessity of the use of physical force
5. Police maintain public favour by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial
service, not by catering to public opinion
6. Police should use physical force only to the extent necessary to ensure
compliance with the law or to restore order only after persuasion, advice, and
warnings are insufficient
7. Police should maintain a relationship with the public that is based on the fact that
the police are the public and the public are the police
8. Police should direct their actions toward their functions and not appear to usurp
the powers of the judiciary
9. The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder
The Evolution of Policing in Canada:
● The first police constables appeared on the streets of Quebec City in the mid-1600s and
in Upper Canada (Ontario) in the early 1800s
● Three part mandate:
1. To police conflicts between ethnic groups and between labourers and their
employers
2. To maintain moral standards by enforcing laws against drunkenness, prostitution
and gambling
3. To apprehend criminals
● Provinces had established police forces; response to disorder associated with gold
strikes
● Between 1917 and 1950 policing services were contracted out to the RCMP; assumed
provincial policing responsibilities except for in Ontario, Quebec, and parts of
Newfoundland and Labrador
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Sep 19, 2017
● The Northwest Mounted Police (RCMP) was founded in 1873 to maintain law and order
in the previously unpoliced Northwest Territories
○ Attempts during the 1920s to phase out the force were driven by resistance in
many regions to its expansion into provincial policing
● Today, there are about 70,000 police officers in Canada (199 per 100,000 population)
○ Lower than other jurisdictions; Scotland (337), England and Wales (244) and The
United States (238)
○ The number of police offenders has gradually increased even though the official
rates of crime have decreased
○ Number of female officers increased; ⅕ officers is a woman
● Policing is the largest component of the criminal justice system
Contemporary Canadian Policing:
● Police are the most public figures of the criminal justice system, many other
professionals are safe within the confines of their place of work (ie. courthouse)
The Levels of Policing:
● Federal, Provincial, Municipal, and First Nations
○ In addition, there are transit police, Canadian Pacific Police Service, South Coast
British Columbia Transportation Authority Police Service
Federal Police:
● The RCMP is organized into 15 divisions plus the RCMP federal headquarters in Ottawa
● RCMP enforces most federal statutes and the provisions of various legislative acts
● Factors distinguishing RCMP from other police
○ Training at a central location in Regina, Saskatchewan, and then deploying them
across the country in detachments
○ Not unionized
○ Federal policing, contract policing at the provincial and municipal levels and
international peacekeeping
● 60% of RCMP personnel are involved in contract policing--serve as provincial and
municipal police officers under agreements between the RCMP and the provinces or
territories
○ National police force
● Increasing concerns of fiscal accountability--while municipal police services are subject
to local police boards and municipal councils, there are no police boards, therefore no
one who has mandate to oversee their work
Provincial Police:
● Ontario Provincial Police, Surete du Quebec and Royal Newfoundland Constabulary
● Responsible for policing rural areas and the areas outside municipalities and cities
○ Enforce provincial laws and The Criminal Code
Regional Police Services:
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● Involved amalgamating several independent police departments to form one large
organization (ex. Peel Regional Police and Halton Regional Police Force)
○ Provide police services to over half of Ontarians
● Only 2 Regional Police forces west of Ontario: The Dakota Ojibway Police Service in
Manitoba and The Lakeshore regional Police Service in Northern Alberta
● More effective at providing a full range of policing services to communities and is less
expensive than having a number of independent municipal departments
○ Can be argued that it’s too centralized and doesn’t offer the opportunity for
effective community policing
Municipal Police:
● Jurisdiction within a city’s boundaries
● Enforce The Criminal Code, provincial or territorial statutes, and municipal bylaws as
well as The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act
○ Most police work is performed by services operating at this level
■ Can create its own independent police service, can join with another
municipality's police force, or can contract with a provincial police force
● Municipal police officers constitute the largest body of police personnel in the country
● Toronto Police Service has more than 5,000 officers; some remote communities have
only 1 or 2 officers
● A trend in Ontario has been contracting with the provincial police and reducing the
number of independent municipal police services to reduce costs
First Nations Police:
● Aboriginal peoples are becoming increasingly involved in the creation and control of
justice programs
○ Control is appropriate, given the conflicts that have arisen between the police
and Aboriginal peoples in the past and present day
○ Within the framework of the Federal First Nations Policing Policy, the federal
government, provincial, and First Nations communities can negotiate agreements
for police services that best meet the needs of First Nations communities
● Six Nations Police Service in Ontario, the Amerindian Police in Quebec, and the Dakota
Ojibway Police Service in Manitoba
○ Generally have full powers to enforce, on reserve lands, The Criminal Code,
federal and provincial statutes, and band bylaws
● Funding is usually split between the province and the federal government
Police Peacekeeping:
● RCMP officers, along with their provincial and municipal counterparts, are involved in a
variety of international peacekeeping activities, including assignments in Sierra Leone,
Afghanistan, Sudan, and Haiti
○ Some argue that the impact of officers is minimal and that the missions are
mounted to “Show the flag”, that is, to raise the profile of the Canadian
government overseas
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Document Summary
The first full-time police force was created in london in 1929 by sir robert peel (increasing fear of crime due to industrial revolution) Before this, policing was a community responsibility. Peel was denounced as a potential dictator after winning acceptance of his police plan for london. Established high standards of recruitment and training and selected constables from the community. The first police constables appeared on the streets of quebec city in the mid-1600s and in upper canada (ontario) in the early 1800s. Three part mandate: to police conflicts between ethnic groups and between labourers and their employers, to maintain moral standards by enforcing laws against drunkenness, prostitution and gambling, to apprehend criminals. Provinces had established police forces; response to disorder associated with gold strikes. Between 1917 and 1950 policing services were contracted out to the rcmp; assumed provincial policing responsibilities except for in ontario, quebec, and parts of.
