CRM 100 Lecture 9: Lecture 9 CCRM.docx

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blackmoose973

11 Dec 2014

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50 m/c: 10-12 m/c in particular focused on the first term. 2 essay format question (choose 2) out of 10 marks: cumulative; cover everything. This is not acceptable ; announcing that behavior: (b) to deter the offender and other persons from committing offences, (c) to separate offenders from society, where necessary, (d) to assist in rehabilitating offenders; It doesn"t tell judges very much when to use what specific act. All principles already existed in common law. Utilitarian goals: ie. they attempt to change things in the future (eg. Punishment has to be certain and swift (coming quickly after the time) People have to know about that process. The harsher the punishment, the less respect of the criminal process; meaningful and valuable. Incapacitation: taking away capacity to create crime, putting them in prison or house arrest; putting restrictions on movements. Convicted of robbery, and came out and in 5 years have not reoffended success.

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Economists use economic models to guide their thinking in regards explaining and predicting that which is otherwise unknown. These models are generalizations that rest on assumptions we use in creating a simplified setting, where only that which is most-pertinent is allowed to come into play directly, and at the same time, that which is not pertinent is rendered excluded by being held constant. Simply put, if you change your founding assumptions, you change the model for you have changed the simplified setting. If you change a variable that is included directly into the model, you can then assume the variable changes marginally then trace out the effects of this marginal change on the variable being explained. Similarly, If you allow a change of a variable that has been excluded, you are relaxing an assumption so you can reason out what the effects of such a change could be.

What is important to understand here, is the description I have just relayed to you describes how economists use models. It is but one example of how models are used more-generally in ALL the other sciences and social sciences. And to go a step further, it is but a description or formalization of how we in an all-inclusive sense use assumptions when we are reasoning about that which we reason about. Our assumptions are our foundations for our thoughts about all that we consider in our efforts towards understanding the world in which we live and the people, both individually and collectively inclusive of their institutions, with whom we come into contact.

Using this knowledge, describe what you think are the dangers to our thinking and actions based on our thinking of our using simplifying assumptions that are wholly untrue or are too strong, too constricting, are way too over-generalizing. Choose whatever context you wish and provide an example. Then describe why having at the very least a small measure of skepticism may be considered healthy for one's own sake and the sake of others.

I personally believe that all of these issue are major issues that need to be focused on eventually but, I currently feel like the most pressing issue that is the most public is the Black Lives Matter movement and online social justice. I personally feel this because this is something that has been going on for a long amount of time and has gotten a extreme amount of attention through social media. I think this is an important cause that needs to be looked at because many people look at this and start to form other sides of the issue which with out meaning to take away from the major issue at hand. Through social media it allows for the issue to get out of hand and it makes it even harder to fix as the issue keeps growing. Although an issue like this is something that won't be completely salvaged anytime soon but making the issue smaller sooner rather than later it will allow for a comfort to the people who are most hurt by this issue.

I think this is a hard issue to address because it is such a sensitive topic. Something needs to be done to make sure that people are taking the proper precautions to protect and pursue every person who lives in this country. This does come down to the fact of targeting a race of people who have been targeted time and time again and just sitting on an issue like this and not even making a stride to fix it will continue to make that race more uncomfortable within the country. I think with this issue it should be something that is worked on between the country as a whole whether thats through the Supreme Court coming up with something or even the Secretary of Defense. I personally believe that if you make a big enough stride with an issue like this people will start to follow and although not everyone will and the whole issue won't be resolved it will make a major difference.

what your rspond for this?

QUESTION 26

Age 65 has come to be considered the onset of old age in the U.S. because:

	a.	This is when most older adults find their abilities diminishing
	b.	At age 65, physical appearance makes it evident that a person is old
	c.	This is the age identified in Social Security and Medicare at the time these were enacted
	d.	This is the age at which life expectancy diminishes most rapidly

1 points

QUESTION 27

The concept of "dependency ratios" has been criticized because:

		Individual differences in needs as well as differences in aging and activity choices make it difficult to ascertain which generation depends on which other generations.
		Very few older adults ever rely on younger individuals for support and assistance
		The most dependent generation may well be young adults
		It is common knowledge that older adults are dependent on younger individuals

1 points

QUESTION 28

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the purpose of theory in understanding aging?

	a.	Theories attempt to explai what we observe in empirical research or practice
	b.	A goal is to consolidate practice around a simple set of principles
	c.	Theories resolve disputes about the nature of reality and definitions of aging
	d.	The most important purpose is to reduce apparently complex phenomena to a few basic factors

1 points

QUESTION 29

Explanations that focus on the situations and problems that accumulate during the life span and cannot be understood separate from developmental experiences are considered to reflect:

	a.	The aged
	b.	Aging
	c.	Age
	d.	The meaning of life

1 points

QUESTION 30

Early theories of aging, described later life as a:

	a.	Problem
	b.	normal, welcomed stage of life
	c.	rare and unique process
	d.	Too idiosyncratic for generalized description

1 points

QUESTION 31

Theories that explain aging as resulting from the accumulation of "insults" from the environment, which eventually reach a level incompatible with life are labeled:

	a.	Sociocultural theories
	b.	Selective optimization with compensation
	c.	Model of Human Occupation
	d.	Stochastic theories

1 points

QUESTION 32

Psychological theories of aging seek to explain

	a.	Reasons for the emergence of mental disorders in late life
	b.	Why older individuals are likely to be pessimistic
	c.	Relationships among older and younger individuals
	d.	The multiple changes in individual behavior in late life

1 points

QUESTION 33

It is now believed that neurological theories of aging that focus on decline in neurological functioning may be:

	a.	Too optimistic
	b.	Lacking in clarity
	c.	Too pessimistic
	d.	Too limited

1 points

QUESTION 34

In the theory of Selective Optimization with Compensation, "optimization" refers to the idea that:

	a.	People engage in behaviors that augment or enrich their general reserves and maximize their chosen life courses
	b.	People make efforts in middle age to accumulate needed resources to ensure successful aging
	c.	Changing biological and psychological factors that enhance the abilities of older adults in memory and problem solving
	d.	Political initiatives that reduce stigma associated with later life

1 points

QUESTION 35

Mrs. Adams, an 87 year-old widow, has begun to distance herself from some of her extended family members. At the same time, she spends increasing time with her adult children, grandchildren, and some of her close neighbors. This would be an example of:

	a.	The Model of Human Occupation
	b.	Evolutionary Theory
	c.	Cognition and Aging theories
	d.	Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

1 points

QUESTION 36

A theory of particular relevance to occupational and physical therapy is:

	a.	Theory of Free Radicals
	b.	Systems theory of motor control
	c.	Stochastic theories
	d.

1 points

QUESTION 37

Theory is important to therapeutic decisions as a way to:

	a.	Reduce the therapist's need to address individual differences
	b.	Guide decisions about evaluation and intervention
	c.	Minimize the idea of complexity in understanding older adults
	d.	Clearly identify the specific evaluation instruments to be used

CRM 100 Lecture 9: Lecture 9 CCRM.docx

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