ECN 340 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Jody Powell, Cheat Sheet, The Injury
13 Dec 2016
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Chapter 11 – Cheating and Lying
- Criminal behavior can be at least explained and predicted by economic principles.
- Economists explain how criminals can be treated as entrepreneurs out to maximize
thei fis pofit fo eeues gleaed fo uggig ad uglaies ad to
minimize their costs of operation.
- The purpose of this chapter is to apply the economic principles developed in
preceding chapters and to better understand the economic conditions that promote
or retard cheating and lying.
The Prevalence of Cheating
- Cheating is a continual problem in all educational institutions.
- Sociologists, Charles. T and Alan. R design a classic study to determine the influence
that moral appeal and threat of sanction has on the amount of cheating that went
on in their classes.
- Quizzes – graded without making the papers and then for the next class, return them
to the students for them to grade. Students were on their honor to grade the
correctly, the students in one test group took 31% of all opportunities to cheat, the
other group took 41%.
- The amount of cheating fell sharply from 41% to 13% in one class and from 43% to
32% in the other.
- It also shows that the professor of one class is being lovable and understanding had
the greater amount of cheating in his class.
- McKenzie, the author, replicated the above study in a different form.
- He wanted to see how much economics the students know on entering their first
econ course and how many students would cheat on a test that the students were
told in clear terms would not be considered in their grades.
- He gave his class a multiple-choice test on the first day of the terms with the
photocopied answer sheet alongside, then the next day of class, his TA gave back ye
original answer sheet and called out the answers for students to grade their own
tests. Later by comparing the copied and the original answer sheets, he found that
15% of the class has cheated.
- As a point of interest, one student was rather ingenious in the way in which he
cheated. This student has left 8 questions on the exam and when he was grading it
himself, he filled in the missing answers.
- The findings of these two studies provide educational insights unrecognized before
the studies were undertake.
- Researchers found that of the 1300 college students surveyed, over 2/3
acknowledged that cheating on campus was a serious or very serious problem
- Nearly all 97% of more than 2200 California college students in the 1980s has
witnessed cheating on their campuses.
- 3 uates of studets ho heat epot doig so opig ase o usig i
otes
- A 3rd of sueed studets epot hat alost eeoe heats
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- This study found that, from elementary school to college, nearly all students have
seen someone cheat, about 2/3 say they have cheated at least once and about a
third cheat regularly.
- In late 2010, a business professor from U of central Florida found that the grades on
an examination were substantially higher than he had given on the same or similar in
previous years. He suspected that about 600 students in his class has cheated and
before the exam date, possibly a third of the students had received the answer key
for the test questions on the test.
The economics of cheating
- The problem of cheating is relatively a common one, However the economists is
typically interested in asking two other questions: what is the gain and loss from
cheating, and who if anyone gets hurt?
- The ost of heatig is, fist the heates osiee a othe hi. If Pete has
been taught that cheating is a bad thing, then there is some positive cost to him for
violating his own ethical rule.
- For some people, the cost is way too high that they would never violate the rule
against cheating, no matter what the benefits they could expect.
- Jody Powell was expelled from cheating from the Air Force Academy. Edward
Kennedy was expelled from cheating at Harvard on a Spanish test. He paid one of
the students to do the test for him and thought the chances of being caught would
be low.
- In cheating, the moral is real but not the only concern, a very immoral student may
decide that the risk is too great and a student of more than average morality may be
tempted under circumstances where the benefit is very great and the chance of
being caught is very low.
- Who is injured from cheating? Most students tend to view cheating as a game with
the teacher, but student cheating i fat doest patiulal hut the teahe.
- Teahe ould etail disappoe of heatig ut it doest ijue the.
- The people who are injured are the other students. The injury caused by one
studets heatig is spead oe several other students so that the injury to anyone
fo a sigle studets heatig is so sall as to e alost iisile.
- Curve grading is not the only sort of grading and many professors use absolute
standards. How many different grades are given depends upon how many students
make scores within the given grade ranges.
- Cheating marginally depreciates the value of the As and Bs and make the pain of
flunking somewhat greater than it would be otherwise.
- The discussion of cheating is that student is injured by receiving low grades and
benefit by receiving high grades.
- Suel, the idiidual ho doest ae hat gade is he gettig is ot ijued
having his grade lowered because other people have cheated.
- However, cheating injures the student who hopes that his grades will help her he a
fellowship for graduate study or a good job.
- Cheatig edues the ifoatio otet of gades. If thees a good deal of
heatig, the the gadig sste doest give very much information as to the
quality of students.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Criminal behavior can be at least explained and predicted by economic principles. Economists explain how criminals can be treated as entrepreneurs out to maximize thei(cid:396) (cid:858)fi(cid:396)(cid:373)s(cid:859) p(cid:396)ofit f(cid:396)o(cid:373) (cid:396)e(cid:448)e(cid:374)ues glea(cid:374)ed f(cid:396)o(cid:373) (cid:373)uggi(cid:374)g a(cid:374)d (cid:271)u(cid:396)gla(cid:396)ies a(cid:374)d to minimize their costs of operation. The purpose of this chapter is to apply the economic principles developed in preceding chapters and to better understand the economic conditions that promote or retard cheating and lying. Cheating is a continual problem in all educational institutions. R design a classic study to determine the influence that moral appeal and threat of sanction has on the amount of cheating that went on in their classes. Quizzes graded without making the papers and then for the next class, return them to the students for them to grade. Students were on their honor to grade the correctly, the students in one test group took 31% of all opportunities to cheat, the other group took 41%.
