Lecture #19
Spices
Mohammed married a widow who belonged to a spice trading family
spice trades were controlled by Arabs and then Europeans
it was controlled strongly and charged premium prices
Venice controlled spice
A Portuguese man – Vascas Degama
o When he went to India in 1501 – gave Portugal a control over spice trade
o England became dominant in spice trade
Western relied on earth cause it was available to them
Eastern societies were reliant on spices
Big 6
There an interesting book a called Big 6
Refers to the grasses
Grasses were not designed for human consumption
o Grasses like rye, barley, millet, rice, maze, wheat
o Spectacular achievements of human kind
o Humans have found ways of making them part of their human diet
Oats is important
Sorgam is from Rwanda – staple grass in Rwanda
Ethiopia – Teff – grain appeared 4000 BC
o Injeura – central grain to create this bread
Rye – grain developed in wild progenitors
o Important characteristics
Hardy and ability to tolerate tough climate
Grain that tolerates rich soils
Particular resistant to altitude
Able to grow in cold conditions
The wheat of Allah – ability to tolerate harsh conditions
Plant rye and plant wheat, if wheat crop fails in harsh climate conditions, rye will succeed
Dominant food/grain of northern Europe for about 1000 BC
Dominant till potato arrived
Ingredient in bread, beverage
Rye bread known as inferior bread
Has a bitter taste compared to wheat
Problem – Argotism – causes severe health problems
Barley
o Doesn’t make bread
o Usually eat seeds in stew, porridges, soup
o Originated in Syria
o Harvested 14000 years ago
o Wild plant
o Selected early on for domestication
o Basic grain in Mesotapian (Iraq)
o Important in Tibet
It can grow there
High tolerant
Millet
o Important in climatic conditions in the opposite way
o Robust, tolerates alkaline soil
o Basic grain in Ethiopia, North Africa, Sahel o More protein than wheat
o Can me made into bread
o Originated 7000 years ago in China
Rice
o Represents 20% of calories of the human population
13% of proteins
o rice is extremely productive
o feed a lot of people
o 500 years ago – most efficient food
o received a large amount of nutritional value
o 2.2 2.3 people on average
o one acre will feed about 1.5 people
o planted about 8000 years ago along Yangze river
Maze
o Acre of maze will feed 8.68.7 people
o Was the basis of civilizations in the New World for the Americas
o Modern name corn
o Remarkable transformation –
Began in Peru and Mexico 7000 years ago
When Columbus came along and landed on Cuba
• 1492 – discovered maze and beans and squash (known as three sisters)
• maze was grown in new world
• bread known as tortillas
• squash plant discouraged predators
o Columbus took back seeds
o Took a long time for Europeans to adapt to corn
o There’s no wild corn today
o And nobody can go back to the area where corn was first domesticated
o 1820 – cultivation of corn
o they managed to grow remarkable yields
o produce higher yields of corn
o today modern farmers produce 180 bushels per acre
o mechanization – allowed it to increase productivity
o 225 tractors in the entire US less than 100 years ago
o fertilization – interesting element
began in 1947, Alabama – Muscle sholls
used nitrogen compound to create explosives
nitrogen is effective in the basis of growing plants
didn’t have a market after World War
so the plant changed from explosive plant to fertilization factory
nitrogen is a common element
contain 80% in the atmosphere
doesn’t react with anything else
for it to be useful – it has to be useful
1909 – all the nitrogen on the planet created by lighting
result of Fritz Haber – important person in human history
• responsible for invention – produce synthetic fertilizer by using nitrogen
Smil – fixing nitrogen was important invention in 20 century
Creates amino acids, proteins, nuclei acids
There is no life without nitrogen Cant use nitrogen directly from atmosphere
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About the 5 of the protelum we produce goes into processing and producing food
A lot of it goes to producing synthetic nitrogen
Most of the nitrogen – the process largely depends on nitrogen
Raise a head of one cattle – takes about 35 gallons of oil
Half of the synthetic nitrogen today is used on corn
About every bushel of corn that is grown, it requires 1/3 of a gallon of oil
Corn is the cheapest and most convenient form of calories at our disposal
It makes sense for us to use corn for a variety of reasons, today very often we’re familiar with corn coming
from popcorn
Corn or mais is the only cereal native to North America, today it is the most plentiful on the planet
Majority of corn we consume is by animals first
Major producer of corn is USA (half of corn grown on the globe)
Corn is just also extraordinarily versatile
o Michael Pollen (sp?) points out that people are made of corn
In Mexico, 40% of their daily calories come from corn
Most of us are fed by the industrial food chain
Corn is found in almost everything that we buy in the grocery store
We eat in Canada more corn than the Mexicans eat
We don’t eat it in direct form (Such as tortillas)
Michael has said that Canadians and Americans are “corn chips with legs”
Whiskey is concentrated corn
Pork or beef is concentrated corn (such that we feed pigs and cows corn, so we are eating corn)
Chicken McNuggets contain corn
Meat has to be held together (glued pieces of chicken McNuggets)
Chicken McNuggets are coated by batter made by corn, oil in which it is fried is made of corn, the colour
and citric acid is made from corn
The CocaCola is made from corn – it uses corn syrup, not cane sugar to sweeten the product
Corn is your cheese whiz, frozen yogurt, TV dinner, canned fruit, ketchup, snacks, soup, cake mix, gravy,
frozen waffle, hot sauce, hot dog, margarine, salad dressings, relishes, etc
Corn’s chemical composition is more effective than any other plant of manipulation into so many other
products
Corn is cheap
If you buy a box of cereal, the cost of the corn in the cereal is somewhere around 4 cents (the cereal is 4
dollars)
The profitability of corn is high
o Grains made civilization possible
Wheat exceeds every other organism in the world in its ability to invade more new habitats
Wheat is most wide spread
It covers 600 million acres
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