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It was a way to ght back impressionism. Self expression (ex. , expressing ptsd from the war) They wanted to reject impressionism, where everything was happy-go-lucky. Then became very pessimistic and rejected tonality. Two of his pupils: berg and weberg. Not well-received by audience at the time. 12 notes in an octave (white and black keys) Composer uses all of them in strict order established ahead of time by the composer. The idea is: you"re thinking about a pattern or a concept which will determine how you order the notes; schoenberg would think of a pattern or spell a word and use that. More rules: you can repeat the notes, you have to play all the 12 notes through rst before you play it again, and you can only use the 12 notes. C, c#, d, d#, e, f, f#, g, g#, a, a#, b. Voice, ute, bass clarinet, viola, cello, piano (smaller ensembles, unusual combinations)

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