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Week 2
Objectives
− To define management and discuss selected management theories
− To discuss selected management motivation theories
− To define and discuss selected leadership theories
What is management?
− Management is a systematic process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling actions and resources
to achieve organizational goals
− Managers should be leaders, however that’s not always the case
o Managers are usually elected by someone
o Their responsibility is to follow the goals and procedures of the organization
o If the manager is not a leader, they will not want to challenge the status quo
What is management process?
− Comprised of four basic functions:
o Planning
o Organizing
o Coordinating
o Controlling
Assuring that everything is on the right track and will be accomplished by the deadline
Management Theories
− All the theories are evolving
− Scientific management theory
o Improvement of productivity through optimization of work processes and tasks
Analysis of division of labour
Standardization of work
• Ie. there’s a specific procedure you have to follow to give insulin
Work measurement
• Ie. at the end of the shift, there’s a computer app that you open up that states
everything that you’ve done for each of your patients
• Ie. one nurse won’t have 4 complex patients, and another have 4 easy patients
o Use of procedures, rules, and regulations
o Based on formal authority
o *The task should be performed as fast as possible, with the littlest steps possible
o *Have to do one task at a time – compared to a machine
− Bureaucratic theory
o Organization hierarchy
Clear superiorsubordinate communication and relations
o Based on positional authority
Orders from top transmitted down through organization via chain of command
o *Very structured with clear positions of authority – everyone has strict responsibilities that they
have to adhere to
o *An evolutionary step from the scientific management theory
− Administrative principles theory
o General principles of management 2
Planning
Organizing
Directing
Coordinating and controlling
Unity of command and direction
o Importance of informal forces in organizations
Naturally forming social groups that can become strong and powerful
Ie. besides the people who work on a unit, there will always be subgroups consisting of those
people
The more people in the group, the more powerful it is
o *One supervisor for all
− Human relations theory
o Individual workers in organization
Source of control
Source of motivation
Source of productivity
o Hawthorne effect
People perform better when they are being watched
o Workers’ participation in decisions re: their work environment
Increase in productivity
Increase in the level of job satisfaction
o *The employees build on each other to motivate each other
o *Teamwork is really values
o *People take pride in their work, the money is not necessarily a deal breaker
What is Motivation?
− Motivation is the incentive that influences workers’ choices and creates:
o Direction of behaviour
o Intensity of behaviour
o Persistence of behaviour
− Used to satisfy workers’ needs
Motivation Theories
− Maslow’s hierarchy of needs 3
o
o *Starts with physiological, ends with selfactualization
− Herzberg’s twofactor theory
o Maintenance or hygiene factors – necessary for neutral job satisfaction
Salary, job security, working conditions, status, quality of supervision, relationships with
others
o Motivation factors are intrinsic – provide motivation and enhanced job satisfaction
Achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, opportunity for development
o *Satisfaction vs dissatisfaction
− McGregor’s theory X and theory Y
o Theory X
Employees prefer security, direction, and minimal responsibility
Employees are uncreative and must be coerced or threatened to get them to work
o Theory Y
Employees can exhibit selfcontrol and discipline
Employees can be creative and intrinsically motivated by work
o *Manager X thinks employees are lazy and needs to motivate them
o *No intrinsic motivation for theory X workers – need to do stuff to make sure that they get their
work done
o *The work environment is created by the management
− Ouchi’s theory Z
o Based on observations of Japanese organizations
o Views organizations and workers more holistically
o Emphasis of Theory Z:
Collective decision making
Longterm employment with slower promotions and less direct supervision
o *Equal power sharing, holistic concern for the wellbeing of employees
Changing Nature of Managerial Work
− Fewer managers – more responsibility
− Nursemanagers increasingly manage systems, not just groups of nurses
− Leadership responsibilities integrated so that:
o Participants function as knowledge workers
o Provide expertise 4
− Interprofessional practice – positive outcomes require:
o Trust
o Respect
o Authenticity
o Collaboration
o Common interest problem solving
What is leadership?
− Leadership process of influence where leader influences others toward goal achievement
− Formal leadership
o Influencing others by person with formal authority (assigned leadership)
o An elected individual who has power over the employees
− Informal leadership
o Influencing other by person without formal authority
Qualities of Leaders
− Vision
o Professional and purposeful dream that provides direction toward achieving goals
o Very broad, long term
o A local vision must be in line with the global vision
o Ie. “in 10 years, this will be the best hospital in the world”
− Passion
o Ability to inspire and align others toward achieving goals
− Integrity
o Based on knowledge of self, honesty, and
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