PAT 20A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Adenylyl Cyclase, Cardiac Output, Histamine
22 Mar 2016
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Pat20 week 11 objectives : copd: discuss the etiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) Copd is a respiratory disorder caused largely by smoking and characterized by progressive, partially reversible airflow obstruction, systemic manifestations, and increasing frequency and severity of exacerbations. Cardinal signs: dyspnea, difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, limitations in activity. Smoking: the primary cause of 80-90% of copd in canada. Significant airway obstruction develops in 15-20% of smokers. Cigarettes contain ~4000 chemicals and over 60 carcinogens and nicotine which stimulates the sympathetic nervous system (increased heart rate, peripheral vasoconstriction, blood pressure, and cardiac workload). Smoking stimulates an inflammatory response that becomes evident late in the disease. Smoke causes hyperplasia of goblet cells, results in increased production of mucus and is the basis of chronic cough and sputum accumulation. Smoking reduces ciliary activity and accelerates loss of ciliated cells. Smoking produces abnormal dilation of the distal air space by destroying alveolar walls.
