BPK 110 Lecture Notes - Food Energy, Chemical Energy, Organelle

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goldgerbil543

11 Aug 2012

School

Simon Fraser University

Department

Biomedical Physio & Kines

Course

BPK 110

Professor

Gina Whitaker

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Document Summary

Metabolism ch 3 p 90-91 ch 4 111-112 ch 5 146-147 ch 6 178-179. Stage 3: transfer of energy to a form cells can use. Metabolism-the sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in a living organism. Catabolism-reactions that break down compounds into small units. Anabolism-reactions that build complex molecules from smaller ones. Our body uses atp as it is made; it cannot be stored. When extracting energy from nutrients, the formation of atp from adp + p captures energy. Breaking a phosphate bond in atp to adp + p, releases energy for biosynthesis and work. The cell is the metabolism processing center of the body. Most reactions occur in the mitochondria (a cellular organelle that is responsible for generating energy in the form of atp via aerobic metabolism) In the presence of oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids can be metabolized to produce a two-carbon-molecule (acetyl-coa)

Related Questions

In this weekâs forum article, Nutrient Utilization in Humans: Metabolism Pathways,(http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/nutrient-utilization-in-humans-metabolism-pathways-14234029) the types of molecules and the mechanisms by which the potential chemical energy in those molecules is transformed into the type of energy capable of powering cellular work is discussed. After reading the article, answer the questions listed below. ( Read the article and answer the following questions)

1. What was Antoine Lavoisierâs major contribution to our understanding of energy metabolism in living organisms?

2. Max Rubner showed that carbohydrates and proteins produce approximately 4 Kcal/g of energy when oxidized, whereas lipids generate up to 9 Kcal/g. How can this difference be explained?

3. This article points out that a major misconception, especially for many undergraduates, is that human cells only use glucose as a fuel source. In fact, all three major absorbed end products of the digestion of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins can be utilized by most cells for the generation of ATP. What serves as the major entry point (mechanism) for these different classes of molecules that makes it possible for them to serve as fuel for ATP production? Why does this mechanism not work in the absence of oxygen? Hint: consider glycolysis and fermentation.

4. Although many of the approximately 200 cell types in the human body can utilize all three major classes of food molecules for energy, not all can. Why? Provide an example.

1) The complete catabolism of glucose results in the generation of ___________ ATP.

	1.	29
	2.	100
	3.	20
	4.	50

2) The presence of _____________________ is a determinant factor on whether pyruvate continues its metabolism into the Krebs cycle.

3) As humans we breath in air that contains oxygen and breath out carbon dioxide . The oxygen we consume it is used in the metabolism of glucose in the ________________________.

electron transport chain as an acceptor of electrons

anaerobic respiration

citric acid cycle

4.conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

4) A glucose molecule can generate energy, but only if sufficient amount of energy is invested to initiate the chemical reactions that are involved in the catabolism of the glucose molecule.

True

False

5) The ___________________ of glycogen from individual/separate molecults of glucose is an ___________________ reaction.

	1.	breakdown, endergonic
	2.	breakdown, exergonic
	3.	synthesis, endergonic
	4.	synthesis, exergonic

Question 1 When energy changes from one form to another, some of the energy that can be used to do work is always lost. The loss of this energy is mostly in the form of _________.
a. heat
b. potential energy
c. kinetic energy
d. light energy
e. mechanical energy

Question 2 Which of the following is exergonic?
a. binding fatty acids and glycerol molecules together to form lipids
b. building proteins from amino acids
c. binding sugars molecules together to form glycogen
d. breaking bonds in starch to release glucose
e. adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

Question 3 The first law of thermodynamics states that:
a. energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
b. the universe is increasing in entropy.
c. all living organisms must eat to derive energy.
d. energy is required to bring molecules into a cell against a concentration gradient.
e. in energy-yielding reactions, matter goes from a more-ordered to a less-ordered state.

Question 4 Which of the following is true of energy?
a. It can be transferred from one form to another with 100 percent efficiency.
b. It can be created.
c. It can be stored in chemical bonds.
d. It can never be stored.
e. It can be released by forming chemical bonds.

Question 5 Metabolism is:
a. the sum of all the energy a cell uses.
b. the sum of all the vitamins a cell contains.
c. the sum of all the enzymes a cell contains.
d. the sum of all the chemical reactions that an organism carries out.
e. the sum of all the ATP a cell contains.

Question 6 Entropy is the measure of ________ in a system.
a. disorder
b. order
c. energy
d. work
e. heat

Question 7 What percentage of the energy stored in glucose are humans cells able to use to do useful work?
a. 37%
b. 100%
c. 15%
d. 52%
e. 48%

Question 8 What is activation energy?
a. the energy gained by living things, allowing them to remain active
b. the energy produced by the breakdown of ATP to ADP.
c. the energy required to initiate or begin a chemical reaction
d. the energy created by enzymes during exergonic reactions
e. the energy lost by living things in the form of heat

Question 9 Which of the following is true of allosteric enzymes?
a. Their activity can be reduced when the product binds the enzyme.
b. Their activity can be reduced when a coenzyme binds to them.
c. Their activity can be reduced when the substrate binds the enzyme.
d. Their activity can be increased when the product binds the enzyme.

Question 10 Which of the following is a true statement about enzymes?
a. They are made of proteins.
b. They are altered by the reactions they catalyze.
c. They increase the energy of activation of chemical reactions.
d. All of the above are true.
e. None of the above is true.

Question 11 What is the energy currency of cells?
a. ADP
b. enzymes
c. glucose
d. vitamins
e. ATP

Question 12 Kinetic energy is ____________, while potential energy is _____________.
a. stored energy; energy that is being used
b. stored energy; energy that can't be used
c. energy that is being used; stored energy
d. energy that can't be used; stored energy

Question 13 The energy released during ________ reactions can be used to drive ________ reactions, and this is called ________ reactions.
a. exergonic; endergonic; coupled
b. endergonic; exergonic; coupled
c. exergonic; endergonic; mutually dependent
d. coupled; mutually dependent; independent
e. endergonic; exergonic; mutually dependent

Question 14 ADP + P + Energy --> ATP Which of the following is a true statement about the chemical reaction above?
a. This is a coupled reaction.
b. This is an exergonic reaction.
c. The product of the reaction contains more energy than that of all of the reactants combined.
d. This is an endergonic reaction.
e. This is an example of a catabolic reaction.

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BPK 110 Lecture Notes - Food Energy, Chemical Energy, Organelle

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