CRIM 104 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Talcott Parsons, Auguste Comte, Sociological Theory
30 Apr 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
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B
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B
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T5<+?=@7=9;@+79;2:457532+78639LM+00 78963L
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#37+;+@37+3A+:3?5;@+?386:532
LECTURE'3
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'3C=@;9+:3?53@3D5?;@+C69:C6?75E6+A934+@;76+FGHI:+5273+FGJI:B
/=2?7532;@5:7+;CC93;?8+<9;K:+C;9;@@6@+>67K662+786+:3?5;@+39<69+;2<+39D;25?+@5A6B
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B
$1%+/O#!$."#)P.-$+)''(")!1
-;5270:5432+64C8;:5Q6<+54C397;2?6+3A+439;@+39<69B
"26+3A+A59:7+73+E56K+:3?567L+;:+A=2?7532;@+46?8;25:4M+D96;769+78;2+57:+?34C32627+C;97:
B
-$)($.#R+S.$1+-).#$0-.&"#
.2E3N6<+;2+39D;25?+;2;@3DL+3A+:3?567LB
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T=9N8654+:;5<+;+?697;52+;43=27+3A+?9546+K;:+2394;@+UA3=2<+52+;@@+:3?56756:B
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!9546+;2<+C=25:84627+4;527;526<+786+:3?567LW:+A=2<;4627;@+E;@=6:+;2<+C96:69E6<+57:+439;@+39<69+
B
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-7;976<+786+?32?6C7+3A+X:79=?7=9;@+A=2?7532;@5:4XB
'9606452627+:3?53@3D5?;@+C;9;<5D4+<=952D+FGYI:+;2<+FGZI:B
$86+Structure'of'Social'Actions [FGH\]B
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Adaption)= :3?567L+8;<+73+;<;C7+73+57:+62E59324627+73+3>7;52+?697;52+96:3=9?6:+26?6::;9L+A39+57:+:=9E5E;@
R3;@:^+K6;@78B
Goal)attainment)=):3?567L+8;<+73+<6A526VC9539575Q6+57:+D3;@:M+;2<+7862+:795E6+73+;?856E6+7864
.276D9;7532+^+:3?567L+8;<+73+96D=@;76+V+?339<52;76+786+52769096@;7532:5C+3A+57:+:=>:L:764:B
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?32A394
B
-66:+<=9N86545;2:+52A@=62?6+;2<+52+469732W:+K39NB
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/=2?7532+K;:+73+4;527;52+:3?567L+[86@C+57+73+:=9E5E6]+;2<+73+62:=96+K6@@0>652D+3A+57:+464>69:B
Family C93<=?6:+?85@<962M+76;?86:+7864+A=2<;4627;@+E;@=6:+[6_`+a6@56A+52+46957:+3A+8;9<+K39NM+96D;9<+A39+C93C697LM+
96:C6?7+A39+37869:]
B
Schools C93E5<6+>;:5?+N23K@6<D6+;2<+K39N+:N5@@:M+;2<+9652A39?6+A=2<;4627;@+E;@=6:B
Religion) :=CC397:+>;:5?+E;@=6:M+C93E5<6:+:C5957=;@+;E62=6+73+?3C6+K578+:3?5;@+;2<+C69:32;@+C93>@64:B
Economy ;@@3K:+52<5E5<=;@:+73+K39NM+6;92+;2<+:C62<B
$1%+Y+')($-+"/+$1%+-"!.)P+-*-$%&
-3?567LV:3?5;@+:L:764+:795E6+A39+>;@;2?6+39+:7;>5@57LM+3A762+96A6996<+73+;:+6b=5@5>95=4B
S;7?8+K39<:+;96+?32:62:=:+;2<+5276D9;7532B
)+1)''*+a)P)#!%
.A+:3?567L+5:+A=2?7532;@M+7862+K8L+<+K6+8;E6+C93>@64:+@5N6+:3?5;@+=296:7M+<9=D+;<<5?7532M+<93C+3=7:+;2<+?9546cB
&69732+<6@5>69;76@L+<5:7;2?6<+854:6@A+A934+/96=<5;2+39+C:L?83@3D5?;@+6_C@;2;7532:B
&69732+=:6<+7694+X;23456X+73+<6:?95>6+<L:A=2?7532+>67K662+[39+4;@5276D9;7532+3A]+?=@7=96+;2<+:3?5;@+:79=?7=96+
[P6DD6+d+&6::269M+eIFI]
B
&%($"#W-+)#"&.%+)#T+T%,.)#$+a%1),."O(
Manifest)functions ;96+783:6+78;7+:3?567L+52762<:+;2<+;96+3A762+:67+3=7+;:+A394;@+52:757=7532;@+D3;@:B
)+4;25A6:7+[39+52762<6<]+A=2?7532+3A+!f-+:L:764+5:+73+C=25:8+?95452;@:+:3+78;7+786L+[;2<+37869:]+K5@@+3>6L+786+@;K:B
)237869+4;25A6:7+A=2?7532+3A+!f-+5:+968;>5@57;76+;2<+965276D9;76+3AA62<69:M+:3+78;7+786L+?;2+32?6+;D;52+>6?346+
A=2?7532;@+464>69:+3A+:3?567L
B
Latent)functions ;96+783:6+78;7+:3?567L+<36:+237+52762<g+786L+;96+=:=;@@L+52A394;@M+;2<+4;L+8;E6+=2<6:59;>@6+
3=7?346:
B
)2+=252762<6<+39+@;7627+A=2?7532+3A+!f-+5:+C93E5<52D+57:+:;75:A56<+?=:73469:+K578+;+79;5252D+D93=2<+A39+A=7=96+
?95452;@+;?75E57L
B
&%($"#W-+&)#./%-$+)#T+P%$%#$+/O#!$."#-
%469D6<+<=952D+786+FGZI:B
(6@;75E6+C93:C6957LM+?34C;96<+73+786+R96;7+T6C96::532+[786+T597L+$859756:]B
(6@;75E6+C6;?6+;2<+C93:C6957LM+?34C;96<+73+SSeM+K85?8+@;:76<+A934+FGHG+=275@+FGYZB
$1%+-"!.)P+!"#$%h$+"/+-Oa!OP$O()P+$1%"(.%-
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!3862+:7=<56<+K578+(3>697+&69732+;7+1;9E;9<M+;2<+%<K52+-=7869@;2<+.2<5;2;B
)Pa%($+!"1%#
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;2<+<6@52b=627+L3=78+D;2D:
B
!3226?7532+73+-=7869@;2<W:+78639L+3A+<5AA696275;@+;::3?5;7532g+!3862+:;K+85:+K39N+;:+6@;>39;7532+32+:346+3A+
=296:3@E6<+5::=6:+96D;9<52D+79;2:45::532+3A+?=@7=9;@+E;@=6:
B
)+P"R.!)P+!"##%!$."#
R;2D+<6@52b=62?L+43:7+C96E;@627+;432D:7+@3K69+?@;::+4;@6:B
#32=75@57;95;2M+4;@5?53=:+;2<+26D;75E5:75?+>68;E53=9B
-8397+7694+86<325:4M+3A762+?;=:52D+<5:?34A397+73+37869:B
R)#R+-Oa!OP$O(%-
&64>69:+3A+@3K69+?@;::+=2;>@6+73+;?856E6+:3?5;@+:7;7=:M+>6?;=:6+786L+@;?N6<+786+46;2:B
S3=@<+?346+=C+;D;52:7+45<<@6+?@;::+:7;2<;9<:+;7+:?833@M+;2<+A52<+786L+?3=@<2j7+4667+7864B
-$)$O-+/(O-$()$."#
!3862+E56K6<+<6@52b=627+>68;E53=9+;:+;+7LC6+3A+reaction)formation)U;+83:75@6+96;?7532+73+;2+;<E69:6+
62E59324627+[6_`+$+:7;7=:+A9=:79;7532]
B
)@:3+E56K6<+<6@52b=62?L+;:+;+collective)solution)U786+<6@52b=627+:=>?=@7=96+6:7;>@5:86<+26K+?=@7=9;@+2394:M+
96<6A526<+786+46;252D+3A+:7;7=:M+;2<+:67+26K+7LC6:+3A+;??6C7;>@6+>68;E53=9+39+?32<=?7
B
#6K+>6@56A:+52+:=>?=7@=96:+?34C;96<+73+2394;@+:=>E;@=6:+78;7+;96+<6@52b=627i+D67752D+N5?N6<+3=7+3A+
:?833@V:=:C62<6<
B
(%)!$."#+/"(&)$."#
!3862+7;@N6<+>956A@L+;>3=7+A64;@6+<6@52b=62?L+;:+>652D+;+:6_=;@@L03956276<+96:C32:6+73+:7;7=:+A9=:79;7532M+
;::3?5;76<+K578+:6_=;@+<3=>@6+:7;2<;9<:
B
)@:3+7;@N6<+>956A@L+;>3=7+<6@52b=62?L+32+C;97+3A+45<<@6+?@;::+4;@6:M+;:+;+96;?7532+73+;2_567L+;>3=7+78659+
4;:?=@5257L+
B
'.!k.#R+"#+$1%+P"S%(+!P)--%-
Structural)39+strain)theory)–C3527:+73+@;?N+3A+52:757=7532;@+46;2:+73+;?856E6+?=@7=9;@@L+E;@=6<+D3;@:B
Processed)theory)U<6:?95>6:+C93?6::+7893=D8+K85?8+52<5E5<=;@:V:=>D93=C:+>6?346+<6@52b=627B
Bridging)theory)U;7764C7:+73+>952D+6@64627:+3A+:79=?7=96+;2<+C93?6::+73D67869B
Consensus)theory)U;::=46:+78;7+43:7+3A+=:+;:C596+73+45<<@6+?@;::+:7;2<;9<:VE;@=6:M+;2<+783:6+K83+<32j7+;96+
<6@52b=627
B
.-+.$+(%)PP*+)+$1%"(*c
T6E6@3C6<+>L+!@3K;9<+;2<+38@52B
(3376<+52+&69732W:+:79;52+78639LM+<5AA696275;@+;::3?5;7532+;2<+52+786+!85?;D3+:?833@B
!@3K;9<+K;:+469732W:+:7=<627+;7+!3@=4>5;g+"8@52+K;:+-=7869@;2<W:+:7=<627M+;2<+D37+85:+C8T+A934+786+O25E69:57L+
3A+!85?;D3
B
T.//%(%#$.)P+"''"($O#.$*+$1%"(*
!@3K;9<+;2<+38@52+7;@N6<+;>3=7+X-7;7=:+<5:?326274627XB
S8;7+:397+3A+5@@6D5754;76+ 46;2:+;96+;E;5@;>@6+5A+52<5E5<;=@:+@;?N+;??6::+73+@6D5754;76+ 46;2:+7893=D8+K85?8+73+
;?856E6+?=@7=9;@@L+E;@=6<+D3;@:c
B
13K+<3+<6@52b=627:+?833:6+326+433<+3A+;<;C7532+3E69+786+37869cB
-$)$O-+T.-!"#$%#$&%#$
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!85?;D3+:?833@+:;5<+<6@52b=627+:=>?=@7=96:+6469D6+K8696+78696+;96+623=D8+L3=78:+;E;5@;>@6+73+>;2<+73D67869+;2<+
96l6?7+?32E627532;@+E;@=6:
B
!@3K;9<+;2<+"8@52+<6:?95>6<+78966+<5A69627+5@@6D5754;76+ 3CC397=257L+:79=?7=96:+[39+<6@52b=627+:=>?=@7=96:]+78;7+
K696+<5AA696275;@@L+;E;5@;>@6+73+K3=@<0>6+<6@52b=627:
B
.PP%R.$.&)$%+"''"($O#.$*+-$(O!$O(%-
!95452;@+:=>?=@7=96+A3=2<+52+X39D;25Q6<X+:@=>:M+;:+3CC3:6<+73+X<5:39D;25Q6<X+:@=4:B
'9606_5:752D+?9546+267K39NM+A3?=:6<+32+C93A5704;N52DB
"@<69M+4396+6_C69562?6<+3AA62<69:+K3=@<+:69E6+;:+93@6+43<6@:+A39+786+L3=2D69M+K;22;0>6+3AA62<69:B
!(.&.#)P+-Oa!OP$O(%
%_5:76<+52+<5:39D;25Q6<+:@=4:B
T5:?3276276<+L3=78+<5<+237+8;E6+;??6::+73+5@@6D5754;76+ 3CC397=257L+:79=?7=96:+3A+786+?95452;@+ :=>?=@7=96B
(6>6@@6<+;D;52:7+:3?567L+;2<+45<<@6+?@;::+E;@=6:+26E69786@6::B
!8;9;?7695Q6<+>L+E53@62?6M+D;2D+A5D8752DM+;?752D+73=D8B
!"#/P.!$+-Oa!OP$O(%-
T6:?95>6<+>L+786+<9=D+:=>?=@7=96B
(6b=596<+6_5:762?6+ 3A+623=D8+L3=78:+K83+8;<+>662+<3=>@6+A;5@=96:B
!3=@<2j7+3>7;52+:7;7=:+7893=D8+@6D5754;76+ 46;2:M+:3+=:6<+<9=D:+73+:3@E6+:7;7=:+<5:?3276274627B
(%$(%)$.-$+-Oa!OP$O(%-
.A+>@3?N6<+3CC397=25756:+;96+786+?;=:6+3A+?9546M+7862+K8L+;9627+4396+K3462+?95452;@:cB
$33+:C6?5A5?+73+)4695?;2+:3?567L+;2<+786+:30?;@@6<+)4695?;2+T96;4B
)::=4C7532+78;7+6E69L326+8;:+786+:;46+527696:7+52+43267;9L+:=??6::B
)::=4C7532+78;7+:3?5;@@L+<5:;<E;27;D6<+A66@+D96;769+<6D966+3A+;234560:79;52+>6?;=:6+786L+@;?N+;??6::+73+
@6D5754;76+3CC397=257L+:79=?7=96:+[52:757=7532;@+46;2:]
B
!(.$.!.-&-+"/+)#"&.%V-$().#+$1%"(*
-7=<56<+>L+a@;=+;2<+a@;=M+(3>697+-;4C:32M+)D26K+;2<+&6::269B
X(6@;75E6X+<6C95E;7532+237+786+:;46+;:+X3>l6?75E6X+39+X;>:3@=76X+<6C95E;7532g+4;L+237+>6+C339M+:7;9E52DM+@5E52D+32+
786+:79667:+[';::;:M+FGG\]
B
/66@+<6C95E6<+52+?34C;95:32+73+2394;75E6+?34C;95:32+[96A6962?6]+D93=CB
(%P)$.,%+T%'(.,)$."#+$1%"(*
/"PP"S.#R+$1%+$().P
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!@;::+>5;:+UC96::=96+73K;9<+<6E5;2?6+5:+A6@7+C954;95@L+>L+@3K69+?@;::6:B
&323@5785?+E56K+3A+?=@7=96+U;::=46:+78;7+K6+;@@+:795E6+73+;77;52+786+:;46+?=@7=9;@+D3;@:M+:L4>3@:+3A+:=??6::+B
'("aP%&-+S.$1+)#"&.%+$1%"(*
a952D+52+?32?6C7+3A+96@;75E6+ <6C95E;7532F`
a952D+52+96A6962?6+D93=C+;2;@L:5:e`
)#T+$1%+-"PO$."#+$"+$1%+'("aP%&``
(6A6962?6+D93=C:+:67+:7;2<;9<:B
#394;75E6+96A6962?6+D93=C:+:67+D93=C+2394:+A39+52<5E5<=;@:+K83+K5:8+73+D;52+39+4;527;52+D93=C+;??6C7;2?6B
!34C;9;75E6+96A6962?6+D93=C:+;96+D93=C:+78;7+52<5E5<=;@:+K3=@<+@5N6+73+l352M+39+K3=@<+@5N6+73+;E35<+l35252DB
#394;75E6+96A6962?6+D93=C:+6:C3=:6+?697;52+3=7@33N:+39+:795E6+73+?34C676+K578+37869+D93=C:B
!34C;9;75E6+96A6962?6+D93=C:+4396+@5N6@L+73+@6;<+73+:62:6+3A+96@;75E6+<6C95E;7532+U=:6<+;:+L;9<:75?N+A39+
A;E3=9;>@6+39+=2A;E3=9;>@6+?34C;95:32:
B
'69457:+:7=<L+3A+<6E5;2?6+;2<+?95452;@57L+52+45<<@6+;2<+=CC69+?@;::B
(%/%(%#!%+R("O'-
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"2@L+:662+;:+<6C95E;7532+5A+C69?65E6<+;:+:=?8B
P3K69+?@;::+Um+<6C95E;7532M+@;?N+3A+3CC397=257LM+>@3?N6<+D3;@:
%E62+?34C;9;75E6@L+K6;@78L+C63C@6+;@K;L:+K;27+4396B
!32:7;27+9;5:52D+3A+45254=4+6_C6?7;7532:+B
a)!k+$"+TO(k1%.&
&6::269+;2<+(3:62A6@<+[FGGY]M+Crime'and'the'American'DreamB
a;:5?+A6;7=96:+3A+:3?5;@+39D;25Q;732+;96+?=@7=96+;2<+:3?5;@+:79=?7=96B
!=@7=96+^+:8;96<+E;@=6:M+>6@56A:M+2394:M+D3;@:+[6_`+%b=;@+3CC397=257LM+52<5E5<=;@+A966<34M+67?]B
-3?5;@+:79=?7=96+^+93@6:+;2<+:3?5;@+C3:57532:B
!=@7=96+;2<+:3?5;@+:79=?=796+;96+=2576<+>L+:3?5;@+52:757=7532:++[43:7+39D;25Q6<+:3?56756:+8;E6+6?32345?M+96@5D53=:M+
6<=?;7532;@+52:5757=7532:]
B
O296D=@;76<+D3;@:+;2<+46;2:+[<696D=@;76<+?;C57;@5:7+6?3234L]+K5783=7+439;@+96D=@;7532+[6_`+$86+!f-M+C3@575?;@+
3E69:5D87]
B
'=9:=57+3A+43267;9L+A3;@:+;7+;@@+?3:7:g+62<:+l=:75AL+786+46;2:B
T6E;@=;7532+3A+52:757=7532;@+>;@;2?6+3A+C3K69+[6_`+a67K662+6?32345?+52:757=7532:+;2<+C3@575?;@M+ 6<=?;7532;@M+;2+
A;45@L+52:757=7532:]
B
P6;<:+73+?39C39;76+?9546M+K8576+?3@@;9+?9546M+64C@3L66+786A7M+6?7B
.#-$.$O$."#)P+)#"&.%+$1%"(*
$8=:+;+A=7=96+?95452;@+ K5@@+>6+A3946<B
';97+3A+;+:79;52+78639L
T695E6<+>L+:7;7=:+A9=:79;7532+[;237869+K39<+A39+;23456]
T5<+?=@7=9;@+79;2:457532+78639LM+00 78963L
X83K+<5<+C63C@6+62<+=C+K578+786:6+3CC397=257L+C93?6::6:cX
!95452;@+:=>?=@796:+78;7+;96+A934+:@=4:
#37+;+@37+3A+:3?5;@+?386:532
LECTURE'3
/95<;LM+f;2=;9L+FGM+eIFn FeieJ+'&
!"#$%&'"()(*+,%(-."#-+"/+)#"&.0-$().#+$1%"(*
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'3C=@;9+:3?53@3D5?;@+C69:C6?75E6+A934+@;76+FGHI:+5273+FGJI:B
/=2?7532;@5:7+;CC93;?8+<9;K:+C;9;@@6@+>67K662+786+:3?5;@+39<69+;2<+39D;25?+@5A6B
-3?567L+:662+;:+:6956: 3A+5276D9;76<+C;97:M+6;?8+K39N52D+73+62:=96+786+?32752=;7532+3A+786+39D;25:4B
$1%+/O#!$."#)P.-$+)''(")!1
-;5270:5432+64C8;:5Q6<+54C397;2?6+3A+439;@+39<69B
"26+3A+A59:7+73+E56K+:3?567L+;:+A=2?7532;@+46?8;25:4M+D96;769+78;2+57:+?34C32627+C;97:B
-$)($.#R+S.$1+-).#$0-.&"#
.2E3N6<+;2+39D;25?+;2;@3DL+3A+:3?567LB
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)#T+$1%#+!)&%+)ORO-$%+!"&$%
T=9N8654+:;5<+;+?697;52+;43=27+3A+?9546+K;:+2394;@+UA3=2<+52+;@@+:3?56756:B
!9546+86@C6<+73+<6A526V:8;C6+?3@@6?75E6+?32:?53=:26::B
!9546+;2<+C=25:84627+4;527;526<+786+:3?567LW:+A=2<;4627;@+E;@=6:+;2<+C96:69E6<+57:+439;@+39<69+B
%,%#+!(.&%+-%(,%-+)+/O#!$."#
-7;976<+786+?32?6C7+3A+X:79=?7=9;@+A=2?7532;@5:4XB
'9606452627+:3?53@3D5?;@+C;9;<5D4+<=952D+FGYI:+;2<+FGZI:B
$86+Structure'of'Social'Actions [FGH\]B
$86+Social'System'[FGZF]B
$)P!"$$+')(-"#-
')(-"#W-+/"O(+/O#!$."#)P+.&'%()$.,%-
Adaption)= :3?567L+8;<+73+;<;C7+73+57:+62E59324627+73+3>7;52+?697;52+96:3=9?6:+26?6::;9L+A39+57:+:=9E5E;@
R3;@:^+K6;@78
B
Goal)attainment)=):3?567L+8;<+73+<6A526VC9539575Q6+57:+D3;@:M+;2<+7862+:795E6+73+;?856E6+7864
.276D9;7532+^+:3?567L+8;<+73+96D=@;76+V+?339<52;76+786+52769096@;7532:5C+3A+57:+:=>:L:764:
B
P;762?L+^+:3?567L+8;<+73+4;527;52+?32A39452D+>68;E53=9+>L+96:3@E52D+:79;52:M+;2<+4375E;752D+52<5E5<=;@:+73+
?32A394
B
-66:+<=9N86545;2:+52A@=62?6+;2<+52+469732W:+K39N
B
')(-"#-+Y+/O#!$."#)P+.&'%()$.,%-
/=2?7532+K;:+73+4;527;52+:3?567L+[86@C+57+73+:=9E5E6]+;2<+73+62:=96+K6@@0>652D+3A+57:+464>69:
B
Family C93<=?6:+?85@<962M+76;?86:+7864+A=2<;4627;@+E;@=6:+[6_`+a6@56A+52+46957:+3A+8;9<+K39NM+96D;9<+A39+C93C697LM+
96:C6?7+A39+37869:]
B
Schools C93E5<6+>;:5?+N23K@6<D6+;2<+K39N+:N5@@:M+;2<+9652A39?6+A=2<;4627;@+E;@=6:
B
Religion) :=CC397:+>;:5?+E;@=6:M+C93E5<6:+:C5957=;@+;E62=6+73+?3C6+K578+:3?5;@+;2<+C69:32;@+C93>@64:
B
Economy ;@@3K:+52<5E5<=;@:+73+K39NM+6;92+;2<+:C62<
B
$1%+Y+')($-+"/+$1%+-"!.)P+-*-$%&
-3?567LV:3?5;@+:L:764+:795E6+A39+>;@;2?6+39+:7;>5@57LM+3A762+96A6996<+73+;:+6b=5@5>95=4
B
S;7?8+K39<:+;96+?32:62:=:+;2<+5276D9;7532
B
)+1)''*+a)P)#!%
.A+:3?567L+5:+A=2?7532;@M+7862+K8L+<+K6+8;E6+C93>@64:+@5N6+:3?5;@+=296:7M+<9=D+;<<5?7532M+<93C+3=7:+;2<+?9546c
B
&69732+<6@5>69;76@L+<5:7;2?6<+854:6@A+A934+/96=<5;2+39+C:L?83@3D5?;@+6_C@;2;7532:
B
&69732+=:6<+7694+X;23456X+73+<6:?95>6+<L:A=2?7532+>67K662+[39+4;@5276D9;7532+3A]+?=@7=96+;2<+:3?5;@+:79=?7=96+
[P6DD6+d+&6::269M+eIFI]
B
&%($"#W-+)#"&.%+)#T+T%,.)#$+a%1),."O(
Manifest)functions ;96+783:6+78;7+:3?567L+52762<:+;2<+;96+3A762+:67+3=7+;:+A394;@+52:757=7532;@+D3;@:
B
)+4;25A6:7+[39+52762<6<]+A=2?7532+3A+!f-+:L:764+5:+73+C=25:8+?95452;@:+:3+78;7+786L+[;2<+37869:]+K5@@+3>6L+786+@;K:
B
)237869+4;25A6:7+A=2?7532+3A+!f-+5:+968;>5@57;76+;2<+965276D9;76+3AA62<69:M+:3+78;7+786L+?;2+32?6+;D;52+>6?346+
A=2?7532;@+464>69:+3A+:3?567L
B
Latent)functions ;96+783:6+78;7+:3?567L+<36:+237+52762<g+786L+;96+=:=;@@L+52A394;@M+;2<+4;L+8;E6+=2<6:59;>@6+
3=7?346:
B
)2+=252762<6<+39+@;7627+A=2?7532+3A+!f-+5:+C93E5<52D+57:+:;75:A56<+?=:73469:+K578+;+79;5252D+D93=2<+A39+A=7=96+
?95452;@+;?75E57L
B
&%($"#W-+&)#./%-$+)#T+P%$%#$+/O#!$."#-
%469D6<+<=952D+786+FGZI:
B
(6@;75E6+C93:C6957LM+?34C;96<+73+786+R96;7+T6C96::532+[786+T597L+$859756:]
B
(6@;75E6+C6;?6+;2<+C93:C6957LM+?34C;96<+73+SSeM+K85?8+@;:76<+A934+FGHG+=275@+FGYZ
B
$1%+-"!.)P+!"#$%h$+"/+-Oa!OP$O()P+$1%"(.%-
S9376+T6@52b=627+a3:Li+786+?=@7=96+3A+786+R;2D+52+FGZZB
!3862+:7=<56<+K578+(3>697+&69732+;7+1;9E;9<M+;2<+%<K52+-=7869@;2<+.2<5;2;B
)Pa%($+!"1%#
!3226?7532+73+&69732g:+:79;52+78639LM+;2<+73+!85?;D3+-?833@W:+?32?692+K578+52269+?57L+:@=4:M+:3?5;@+<5:39D;25Q;7532+
;2<+<6@52b=627+L3=78+D;2D:
B
!3226?7532+73+-=7869@;2<W:+78639L+3A+<5AA696275;@+;::3?5;7532g+!3862+:;K+85:+K39N+;:+6@;>39;7532+32+:346+3A+
=296:3@E6<+5::=6:+96D;9<52D+79;2:45::532+3A+?=@7=9;@+E;@=6:
B
)+P"R.!)P+!"##%!$."#
R;2D+<6@52b=62?L+43:7+C96E;@627+;432D:7+@3K69+?@;::+4;@6:B
#32=75@57;95;2M+4;@5?53=:+;2<+26D;75E5:75?+>68;E53=9B
-8397+7694+86<325:4M+3A762+?;=:52D+<5:?34A397+73+37869:B
R)#R+-Oa!OP$O(%-
&64>69:+3A+@3K69+?@;::+=2;>@6+73+;?856E6+:3?5;@+:7;7=:M+>6?;=:6+786L+@;?N6<+786+46;2:B
S3=@<+?346+=C+;D;52:7+45<<@6+?@;::+:7;2<;9<:+;7+:?833@M+;2<+A52<+786L+?3=@<2j7+4667+7864B
-$)$O-+/(O-$()$."#
!3862+E56K6<+<6@52b=627+>68;E53=9+;:+;+7LC6+3A+reaction)formation)U;+83:75@6+96;?7532+73+;2+;<E69:6+
62E59324627+[6_`+$+:7;7=:+A9=:79;7532]
B
)@:3+E56K6<+<6@52b=62?L+;:+;+collective)solution)U786+<6@52b=627+:=>?=@7=96+6:7;>@5:86<+26K+?=@7=9;@+2394:M+
96<6A526<+786+46;252D+3A+:7;7=:M+;2<+:67+26K+7LC6:+3A+;??6C7;>@6+>68;E53=9+39+?32<=?7
B
#6K+>6@56A:+52+:=>?=7@=96:+?34C;96<+73+2394;@+:=>E;@=6:+78;7+;96+<6@52b=627i+D67752D+N5?N6<+3=7+3A+
:?833@V:=:C62<6<
B
(%)!$."#+/"(&)$."#
!3862+7;@N6<+>956A@L+;>3=7+A64;@6+<6@52b=62?L+;:+>652D+;+:6_=;@@L03956276<+96:C32:6+73+:7;7=:+A9=:79;7532M+
;::3?5;76<+K578+:6_=;@+<3=>@6+:7;2<;9<:
B
)@:3+7;@N6<+>956A@L+;>3=7+<6@52b=62?L+32+C;97+3A+45<<@6+?@;::+4;@6:M+;:+;+96;?7532+73+;2_567L+;>3=7+78659+
4;:?=@5257L+
B
'.!k.#R+"#+$1%+P"S%(+!P)--%-
Structural)39+strain)theory)–C3527:+73+@;?N+3A+52:757=7532;@+46;2:+73+;?856E6+?=@7=9;@@L+E;@=6<+D3;@:B
Processed)theory)U<6:?95>6:+C93?6::+7893=D8+K85?8+52<5E5<=;@:V:=>D93=C:+>6?346+<6@52b=627B
Bridging)theory)U;7764C7:+73+>952D+6@64627:+3A+:79=?7=96+;2<+C93?6::+73D67869B
Consensus)theory)U;::=46:+78;7+43:7+3A+=:+;:C596+73+45<<@6+?@;::+:7;2<;9<:VE;@=6:M+;2<+783:6+K83+<32j7+;96+
<6@52b=627
B
.-+.$+(%)PP*+)+$1%"(*c
T6E6@3C6<+>L+!@3K;9<+;2<+38@52B
(3376<+52+&69732W:+:79;52+78639LM+<5AA696275;@+;::3?5;7532+;2<+52+786+!85?;D3+:?833@B
!@3K;9<+K;:+469732W:+:7=<627+;7+!3@=4>5;g+"8@52+K;:+-=7869@;2<W:+:7=<627M+;2<+D37+85:+C8T+A934+786+O25E69:57L+
3A+!85?;D3
B
T.//%(%#$.)P+"''"($O#.$*+$1%"(*
!@3K;9<+;2<+38@52+7;@N6<+;>3=7+X-7;7=:+<5:?326274627XB
S8;7+:397+3A+5@@6D5754;76+ 46;2:+;96+;E;5@;>@6+5A+52<5E5<;=@:+@;?N+;??6::+73+@6D5754;76+ 46;2:+7893=D8+K85?8+73+
;?856E6+?=@7=9;@@L+E;@=6<+D3;@:c
B
13K+<3+<6@52b=627:+?833:6+326+433<+3A+;<;C7532+3E69+786+37869cB
-$)$O-+T.-!"#$%#$&%#$
X?85?;D3+:?833@X+;<<57532+73+&69732W:+:79;52+78639LB
!85?;D3+:?833@+:;5<+<6@52b=627+:=>?=@7=96:+6469D6+K8696+78696+;96+623=D8+L3=78:+;E;5@;>@6+73+>;2<+73D67869+;2<+
96l6?7+?32E627532;@+E;@=6:
B
!@3K;9<+;2<+"8@52+<6:?95>6<+78966+<5A69627+5@@6D5754;76+ 3CC397=257L+:79=?7=96:+[39+<6@52b=627+:=>?=@7=96:]+78;7+
K696+<5AA696275;@@L+;E;5@;>@6+73+K3=@<0>6+<6@52b=627:
B
.PP%R.$.&)$%+"''"($O#.$*+-$(O!$O(%-
!95452;@+:=>?=@7=96+A3=2<+52+X39D;25Q6<X+:@=>:M+;:+3CC3:6<+73+X<5:39D;25Q6<X+:@=4:B
'9606_5:752D+?9546+267K39NM+A3?=:6<+32+C93A5704;N52DB
"@<69M+4396+6_C69562?6<+3AA62<69:+K3=@<+:69E6+;:+93@6+43<6@:+A39+786+L3=2D69M+K;22;0>6+3AA62<69:B
!(.&.#)P+-Oa!OP$O(%
%_5:76<+52+<5:39D;25Q6<+:@=4:B
T5:?3276276<+L3=78+<5<+237+8;E6+;??6::+73+5@@6D5754;76+ 3CC397=257L+:79=?7=96:+3A+786+?95452;@+ :=>?=@7=96B
(6>6@@6<+;D;52:7+:3?567L+;2<+45<<@6+?@;::+E;@=6:+26E69786@6::B
!8;9;?7695Q6<+>L+E53@62?6M+D;2D+A5D8752DM+;?752D+73=D8B
!"#/P.!$+-Oa!OP$O(%-
T6:?95>6<+>L+786+<9=D+:=>?=@7=96B
(6b=596<+6_5:762?6+ 3A+623=D8+L3=78:+K83+8;<+>662+<3=>@6+A;5@=96:B
!3=@<2j7+3>7;52+:7;7=:+7893=D8+@6D5754;76+ 46;2:M+:3+=:6<+<9=D:+73+:3@E6+:7;7=:+<5:?3276274627B
(%$(%)$.-$+-Oa!OP$O(%-
.A+>@3?N6<+3CC397=25756:+;96+786+?;=:6+3A+?9546M+7862+K8L+;9627+4396+K3462+?95452;@:cB
$33+:C6?5A5?+73+)4695?;2+:3?567L+;2<+786+:30?;@@6<+)4695?;2+T96;4B
)::=4C7532+78;7+6E69L326+8;:+786+:;46+527696:7+52+43267;9L+:=??6::B
)::=4C7532+78;7+:3?5;@@L+<5:;<E;27;D6<+A66@+D96;769+<6D966+3A+;234560:79;52+>6?;=:6+786L+@;?N+;??6::+73+
@6D5754;76+3CC397=257L+:79=?7=96:+[52:757=7532;@+46;2:]
B
!(.$.!.-&-+"/+)#"&.%V-$().#+$1%"(*
-7=<56<+>L+a@;=+;2<+a@;=M+(3>697+-;4C:32M+)D26K+;2<+&6::269B
X(6@;75E6X+<6C95E;7532+237+786+:;46+;:+X3>l6?75E6X+39+X;>:3@=76X+<6C95E;7532g+4;L+237+>6+C339M+:7;9E52DM+@5E52D+32+
786+:79667:+[';::;:M+FGG\]
B
/66@+<6C95E6<+52+?34C;95:32+73+2394;75E6+?34C;95:32+[96A6962?6]+D93=CB
(%P)$.,%+T%'(.,)$."#+$1%"(*
/"PP"S.#R+$1%+$().P
TO(k1%.&+Um+&%($"#+Um+)R#%S+)#T+')--)-
!@;::+>5;:+UC96::=96+73K;9<+<6E5;2?6+5:+A6@7+C954;95@L+>L+@3K69+?@;::6:B
&323@5785?+E56K+3A+?=@7=96+U;::=46:+78;7+K6+;@@+:795E6+73+;77;52+786+:;46+?=@7=9;@+D3;@:M+:L4>3@:+3A+:=??6::+B
'("aP%&-+S.$1+)#"&.%+$1%"(*
a952D+52+?32?6C7+3A+96@;75E6+ <6C95E;7532F`
a952D+52+96A6962?6+D93=C+;2;@L:5:e`
)#T+$1%+-"PO$."#+$"+$1%+'("aP%&``
(6A6962?6+D93=C:+:67+:7;2<;9<:B
#394;75E6+96A6962?6+D93=C:+:67+D93=C+2394:+A39+52<5E5<=;@:+K83+K5:8+73+D;52+39+4;527;52+D93=C+;??6C7;2?6B
!34C;9;75E6+96A6962?6+D93=C:+;96+D93=C:+78;7+52<5E5<=;@:+K3=@<+@5N6+73+l352M+39+K3=@<+@5N6+73+;E35<+l35252DB
#394;75E6+96A6962?6+D93=C:+6:C3=:6+?697;52+3=7@33N:+39+:795E6+73+?34C676+K578+37869+D93=C:B
!34C;9;75E6+96A6962?6+D93=C:+4396+@5N6@L+73+@6;<+73+:62:6+3A+96@;75E6+<6C95E;7532+U=:6<+;:+L;9<:75?N+A39+
A;E3=9;>@6+39+=2A;E3=9;>@6+?34C;95:32:
B
'69457:+:7=<L+3A+<6E5;2?6+;2<+?95452;@57L+52+45<<@6+;2<+=CC69+?@;::B
(%/%(%#!%+R("O'-
(%P)$.,%+T%'(.,)$."#+U'%(!%'$."#-+)(%+.&'"($)#$
"2@L+:662+;:+<6C95E;7532+5A+C69?65E6<+;:+:=?8B
P3K69+?@;::+Um+<6C95E;7532M+@;?N+3A+3CC397=257LM+>@3?N6<+D3;@:
%E62+?34C;9;75E6@L+K6;@78L+C63C@6+;@K;L:+K;27+4396B
!32:7;27+9;5:52D+3A+45254=4+6_C6?7;7532:+B
a)!k+$"+TO(k1%.&
&6::269+;2<+(3:62A6@<+[FGGY]M+Crime'and'the'American'DreamB
a;:5?+A6;7=96:+3A+:3?5;@+39D;25Q;732+;96+?=@7=96+;2<+:3?5;@+:79=?7=96B
!=@7=96+^+:8;96<+E;@=6:M+>6@56A:M+2394:M+D3;@:+[6_`+%b=;@+3CC397=257LM+52<5E5<=;@+A966<34M+67?]B
-3?5;@+:79=?7=96+^+93@6:+;2<+:3?5;@+C3:57532:B
!=@7=96+;2<+:3?5;@+:79=?=796+;96+=2576<+>L+:3?5;@+52:757=7532:++[43:7+39D;25Q6<+:3?56756:+8;E6+6?32345?M+96@5D53=:M+
6<=?;7532;@+52:5757=7532:]
B
O296D=@;76<+D3;@:+;2<+46;2:+[<696D=@;76<+?;C57;@5:7+6?3234L]+K5783=7+439;@+96D=@;7532+[6_`+$86+!f-M+C3@575?;@+
3E69:5D87]
B
'=9:=57+3A+43267;9L+A3;@:+;7+;@@+?3:7:g+62<:+l=:75AL+786+46;2:B
T6E;@=;7532+3A+52:757=7532;@+>;@;2?6+3A+C3K69+[6_`+a67K662+6?32345?+52:757=7532:+;2<+C3@575?;@M+ 6<=?;7532;@M+;2+
A;45@L+52:757=7532:]
B
P6;<:+73+?39C39;76+?9546M+K8576+?3@@;9+?9546M+64C@3L66+786A7M+6?7B
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