PSYC 1030H Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Cognitive Therapy, Countertransference, Aaron T. Beck
26 Jun 2018
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Stigma
Potential Barriers to intervention and prevention
Pre-existing stereotypes
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Active stigma towards persons with mental illness
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Potential barriers:
Wedding et al. found that although some movies and TYV shows display sympathetic portrayls
of persons with mental illnesses, "most" do not.
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Films tend to depict persons with mental illness (especially psychosis) as unpredictable and
dangerously violent
•
Films commonly depict mental health professionals as either inept or arrogant and
manipulative
•
Social stigma regarding mental illness is a major cause of relatively lower rates of help seeking
by persons who would benefit from mental health treatment
•
Getting it wrong: The presumption that mental illness has a traumatic etiology is a well-
worn plot device
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Getting it right: irony is that films can also have a greater impact that almost any other
type of information
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Freud in the movies and TV:
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Major types of Intervention
Clinical psychologists (Ph.D, PSY.D)
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Counselling psychologists
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Psychological associates (M.A)
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Psychiatrists
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Clinical social workers
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Psychiatric nurses
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Counsellors
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MD's
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Nurse Practitioners
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Who provides treatment:
Involves the use of biological interventions such as drugs
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Biomedical Intervention
Involves the use of psychological interventions
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Psychotherapy
Involves training and education programs that focus on prevention
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Such as counselling and supportive interventions
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Psychoeducation Interventions: Encompasses a broad range of activities that combine
education and other activities
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Interventions may be delivered individually or in groups
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e.g. programs for adults adapted for adolescents
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May be standardized or tailored to particular clients
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Symptoms
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Course of the disorder
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Intervention options
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Resources and services
Programming may include providing clients (and family members) with information about:
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Psychoeducation
Treatment
April 9, 2018
12:29 PM
Psychology 1030 Page 1
Resources and services
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e.g. recognizing changing modds in bipolar disorder
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May include training to respond to direct disorder-related problems
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e.g. anger management training for youth and ADHD
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Training to cope better with problems that often co-occur with the disorder
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Programming may be done one-on-one or in small groups
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May include use of booklets, audiotapes, telephone, and online resources
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Mere passage of time
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Supportive social contact
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Other treatments
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More effective than?
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Outcome research: Does intervention/prevention work?
Ask clients (e.g. survey)
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Ask therapists (e.g. case studies)
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Objective research (e.g. experiments)
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Outcome research: What kind of evidence
Random assignment + Control conditions
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Clear definition of samples (based on diagnosis)
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Clear description of treatments (use of manuals)
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Reliable and valid outcome measures
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APA (1995) standards for outcome research
Studies using psychoeducational interventions tend to vary in content, format, frequency and
timing
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Often limited ability to examine the relative of different formats
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Approaches differ in 4 basic features
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Relative emphasis
1.
Emphasis (environment, thoughts, or unconscious) based on theoretical assumptions
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Temporal Focus
2.
Past vs present
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Therapeutic goal
3.
Change vs support
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Role of therapist
4.
Directive vs non-directive
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Features of psychotherapy
Therapy expectations
1.
Demoralization hypothesis: pople seek help not just because of symptoms but because of low
self-esteem etc.
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Instilling hope can lead to better outcomes
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Client Personality
2.
Attachment styles are predictors of therapy outcomes
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Goals and motivation to change
3.
Clients have different motivations when it comes to change and addressing problems
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Types and severity of dysfunction
4.
Complex clincial presnetations (e.g. comorbidity) pose more challenges for therapists
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Four factors that influence psychotherapy outcomes
Personal Qualities
1.
Interpersonal variables like understanding, empathy, warmth and commitment
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Experience, training, competence
2.
Interpersonal effectiveness (particularly communication skills)
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Cultural competencies to work with diverse populations
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Two Therapist Factors Influencing Outcomes
Psychology 1030 Page 2
Document Summary
Wedding et al. found that although some movies and tyv shows display sympathetic portrayls of persons with mental illnesses, most do not. Films tend to depict persons with mental illness (especially psychosis) as unpredictable and dangerously violent. Films commonly depict mental health professionals as either inept or arrogant and manipulative. Social stigma regarding mental illness is a major cause of relatively lower rates of help seeking by persons who would benefit from mental health treatment. Getting it wrong: the presumption that mental illness has a traumatic etiology is a well- worn plot device. Getting it right: irony is that films can also have a greater impact that almost any other type of information. Involves the use of biological interventions such as drugs. Involves training and education programs that focus on prevention. Psychoeducation interventions: encompasses a broad range of activities that combine education and other activities. Interventions may be delivered individually or in groups.
