PATH 3610 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Antigen-Presenting Cell, Innate Immune System, Antigen Presentation

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14 May 2018

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Immunology

What is immunity?

- historic definition: defense against or resistance to infectious disease

- current definition: reaction against

- Antigen: foreign material within a host

- Immunogens: elicit an immune response, not all antigens are immunogens

- Immune system must be able to distinguish between disease causing

pathogens and friendly commensal organisms

o Pathogens are composed of many antigens, often virulence factors,

which allows them to cause disease

o These antigens are often virulence factors which can be recognized by

the immune system as danger signals

o Recognition of pathogens are primarily carried out by cells of the

innate immune system, particularly antigen presenting cells (APCs)

which initiate, depending upon the pathogen encountered, an antigen-

specific antibody or cell-mediated immune response

(adaptive/acquired immunity)

o This response works to neutralize the invading pathogen and

generates antigen-specific memory if subsequent infection occurs.

- Innate immunity: non-antigen specific host defence that exist prior to

exposure to an antigen and involve anatomic, physiologic, endocytic and

phagocytic, anti-microbial and inflammatory mechanisms, and which exhibit

no adaptation or memory characteristics

- Adaptive Immunity: host defenses that are mediated by B-cells and T-cells

following exposure to antigen that exhibits specificity, diversity, memory and

self non-self discrimination

Non specific (innate) mechanisms

Specific (adaptive/acquired)

mechanisms

- acts against any foreign

material

- results in neutralization only

(no memory)

- role in activating acquired

immune response

- response directed specifically

towards foreign material

(antigen) that induced it

- results in neutralization and

enhanced resistance to

subsequent infection

(memory)

Innate immunity

Adaptive immunity

- minute to hours

- limited and fixed specificity

- response to repeat infection is the

same

- major components are barriers,

phagocytes, pattern recognition

- days

- highly diverse; improves during

course of response

- more rapid and effective response

on subsequent exposure

- mediated by T and B-cells;

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Document Summary

Immunology historic definition: defense against or resistance to infectious disease. Immunogens: elicit an immune response, not all antigens are immunogens. Innate immunity: non-antigen specific host defence that exist prior to exposure to an antigen and involve anatomic, physiologic, endocytic and phagocytic, anti-microbial and inflammatory mechanisms, and which exhibit no adaptation or memory characteristics. Adaptive immunity: host defenses that are mediated by b-cells and t-cells following exposure to antigen that exhibits specificity, diversity, memory and self non-self discrimination. Acts against any foreign material results in neutralization only (no memory) role in activating acquired immune response response directed specifically towards foreign material (antigen) that induced it results in neutralization and enhanced resistance to subsequent infection (memory) Minute to hours limited and fixed specificity response to repeat infection is the same. Major components are barriers, phagocytes, pattern recognition. Highly diverse; improves during course of response. More rapid and effective response on subsequent exposure. Kinetics of innate and adaptive adaptive response more powerful.

Related Questions

1. during inflamation fluid will passively diffuse out of blod vessels into the nearby infected tissue. This implies all of the following EXCEPT

a.the osmolarity of the fluid surrounding infected tissues is higher than the plasma b the surrounding tissue will swell with excessive fluids c near by cappilaries have become more pearmeable d B-lymphocyte will differeniate to become plasma cell

2. which of the following best describe the qualities of most antigens?

a macromolecules that are foreign to the host b atomic elements that are not normally present in the human body c macromolecules tah tare produced by the host organism d atomic elements that are harmful or toxic

3. an adbantages to adaptive immunity is

a its memory cell that provide quicker larger and more efficient immune response upon second exposure to an antigen b its need for several cells to be activated over several days on first exposure c the ability for its individul cells to respond to many differnt pathogens d the use of antibodies that cause cells lysis and kill invading cells

4, an advantages of innate immunity is

a its a barrier taht prevent pathogens from entering into the body b the specifcity of its individual cell which specialize in the removal on one type of antigen c the numerous step in the activation of its cell that can prevent autoimmune disease d the use of the antibodies to cause cell lysis and kill invading cell

5. B- lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune sys for all of the following reason but one Which of the following is NOT one part of reason B lyphocytes are considered part of the adaptive immunity?

a they produce memory cell when activated b their receptors will bind to only one antigen c they require costimulation from an activated T helper cell d thet are a first line of defense that can begin killing

6. Over lap in the innate and adaptive immune sys is seen in all of the following examples but one Which of the following examples does NOT illustrate the over lap of innate and adaptive immune resposes ??? a dendritic cell presenting antigen on their MHC II proteins to T helper cells b macrophage becoming activated macrophages in response to cytokines realesed by T helper cells c natural killer cell causing of an abnoraml host cell lacking MHC proteins d Plasma cell that produce large amounts of IgE that will ultimetly allow mast cell to relase histamine

7. Which of the following examples below describe an autoimmune disease? a infection and death of T helper cells bya virus resulting in a loss of adaptive immunity b realse of bacterial endotoxins that block acetylcholine realse result is muscle paralysis c antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of hte motor end palte resulting in muscle weakness.d uncontrolled cell division resulting in cell surface abnormalities recognized by natural killer cell.

8. Which of he following does NOT describe actions of interferon IFN? a virally infected cell can release interferon which attracts natural killer cell to attack and kill the IFN secreting cell b IFN binds to normal uninfected cell stimulating the activation of genes that produce anti viral proteins c IFN will attract macrophages to the secreting cell to be removed bt phagocytosis d IFN can penetrate the virla capsid and destroy the virus

HI HELP PLEASE I NEED ANSWERS TO ALL QUESTIONS PLEASE THANKS

1. during inflamation fluid will passively diffuse out of blod vessels into the nearby infected tissue. This implies all of the following EXCEPT

2. which of the following best describe the qualities of most antigens?

3. an adbantages to adaptive immunity is

4, an advantages of innate immunity is

6. Over lap in the innate and adaptive immune sys is seen in all of the following examples but one Which of the following examples does NOT illustrate the over lap of innate and adaptive immune resposes ??? adendritic cell presenting antigen on their MHC II proteins to T helper cells b macrophage becoming activated macrophages in response to cytokines realesed by T helper cells c natural killer cell causing of an abnoraml host cell lacking MHC proteins d Plasma cell that produce large amounts of IgE that will ultimetly allow mast cell to relase histamine

QuestionGroup: #51 Innate immune 1

Assigned as

Homework

What is the name of a chemical substance responsible for stimulating an immune response?

Pathogen

Rotomers

Antigen

Antibody

Troll receptor

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QuestionGroup: #52 Innate immune2

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Homework

What is the purpose of secondary metabolites produced by normal flora in your body?

To aid T cells in fighting local infection

To kill infected B cells

To help balance electrolytes

To inhibit adhesion, and growth of the certain microbes

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QuestionGroup: #53 Innate immune3

Assigned as

Homework

The lysozyme removes most bacteria in our foods through the saliva in our mouth, how does it do this?

The lysozyme attacks the bacteria through the blood.

The lysozyme are not strong enough to get rid of bacteria.

The lysozyme breaks down the polysaccharide walls of different bacteria.

The lysozyme will tell your body to get rid of the bacteria by vomiting.

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QuestionGroup: #54 Adapt immune 1

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Homework

In adaptive immunology, the key component is which of the following?

Antigen trigger the the production of vaccines.

Antibodies will trigger responses in the antigen which will cause an inflamation.

Antigens trigger responses of the antibodies which will recognize the antigen.

Antibodies will be able to recognize other antibodies and destroy them.

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QuestionGroup: #55 Adapt immune2

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Homework

An autoimmune induced disorder is...?

When the body's immune system attacks a tissue or organ in the body

When the immune system is not present

When the body attacks the antigens and antibodies of the immune system

When the autonomic nervous system attacks the antigen and antibodies of the immune system

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QuestionGroup: #56 Adapt immune3

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Antibodies are also called immunoglobulins and constitute part of the blood proteins. How do antibodies work?

Agglutination-- they just clump with each other (blocking antigen)

Precipitation-- force insolubility and settled out of solution along with antigens

Complement fixation-- proteins attach to antigen surface (causing cell lysis)

Neutralization-- bind to specific sites to prevent antigen attachment

All of the above

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QuestionGroup: #57 Infectious disease

Assigned as

Homework

The most deadly STD is HIV, but many other viruses can be deadly. Name the most common sexually transmitted infection.

Genital human parisis virus (GHPV)

Herpes Simplex

Human papilloma virus (HPV)

Human pappathe virus tentis (HPVT)

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QuestionGroup: #58 Infectious disease2

Assigned as

Homework

Microbes have developed an array of weapons to be able to go from host to host. These virulent factors are divided into several groups, but one important group is the one produced by bacteria. Name the subgroups within this bacterial group.

Retretoxin and maitotoxin

Retretoxin and butotoxin

Endotoxins and exotoxins

Lipotoxin and exotoxin

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QuestionGroup: #59 Infectious disease3

Assigned as

Homework

Sexually transmitted diseases are very successful at spreading from one person to another. Name one important reason for this fact.

Mucous membranes use B cells only and are resistant to antigens

Mucous membranes in the sex organs differ from those of the skin in that they allow certain pathogens into the body

STDs are transmitted through sex only

STDs are usually caused by viruses

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QuestionGroup: #60 HIV/ AIDS

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Homework

HIV has which of the following characteristics?

It has an enzyme called reverse transcriptase which causes the DNA to reverse the nucleotide sequence in messenger RNA.

It is a retrovirus meaning that it reverses the order of protein production in that the virus affects the DNA in the cell to make the protein.

It is an anti-retrovirus meaning that it attacks the DNA causing the development of new HIV particles.

It has a short incubation period which means that the symptoms show up also immediately after infection.

PATH 3610 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Antigen-Presenting Cell, Innate Immune System, Antigen Presentation

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