PATH 3610 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Hypercalcaemia, Melanocyte, Peritoneum

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16 Dec 2015

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Both are reversible if the demand is removed, tissues will return to normal: hypertrophy and hyperplasia can also occur together, leading to organ enlargement (e. g. physiologic enlargement of the pregnant uterus), hyperplasia and hypertrophy can also be pathologic, occurring without an increased functional demand. Oncogenes can code for: growth factors (i. e. the cancer cell can synthesize the same growth factors to which it responds, growth factor receptors, there may be over expression of growth factor receptors, so cells are hyper responsive to normal levels of growth factor, mutant growth factor receptor proteins can deliver continuous signals for growth, signal transducing proteins, these proteins transfer information from growth factor receptors to their nuclear targets; mutated versions of these signalling proteins (e. g. ras) lead to continuous signals for proliferation, nuclear transcription factors, mutation of genes that regulate dna transcription can lead to continous proliferation, cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases o.

Related Questions

61) How areantiangiogenic drugs used in the treatment of

cancer?

A) These drugsstop the replication of DNA so cancer cells

cannot reproduce.

B) These drugsstop the growth of blood vessels into the

tumor, so the cells "starve" to death.

C) These drugsstop metastasis.

D) These drugsstimulate the immune system.

E) These drugsstimulate the production of free radicals,

which kill cancer cells.

62) Which of the

following is true regarding photodynamic therapy?

A) It involves the use

of light sensitive drugs to target a cancer.

B) It uses magnets to

attract beads coated with a chemotherapeutic drug to acancer.

C) It is presently used

for the treatment of cancers of the breast and ovary.

D) It inhibits

angiogenesis.

E) It involves the use

of antibodies to deliver treatments to a cancer.

63) Which ofthe following types of cancer kills the highest

percentage of people diagnosed with the condition?

A)lung

B)breast

C)prostate

D)skin

E)colon

64) A mutationin which of the following genes can lead to

breast cancer?

A) BT05

B) HeLa

C) BRCA1

D)BCG

E)BCG2

65) If angiogenesis

were not to occur, a tumor would reach the size of a ________and stop growing.

A) period on a

typewritten page (.)

B) baseball

C) grapefruit

D) pea

E) basketball

66) Not onlydoes smoking cause lung cancer, it also doubles

the risk of which of the following types of cancer?

A)stomach

B)prostate

C)bladder

67) For women with a

mutated BRCA gene, the risk of breast cancer is about 60%.However, detection

of the mutated gene can occur before cancer ever develops by

A) testing of a blood

sample.

B) screening

mammography.

C) taking a biopsy of

breast tissue.

D) a PET scan.

E) urinalysis.

68) In some cases, why

doesn%u2019t the immune system recognize and destroy acancer?

A) Cancer cells that

produce abnormal antigens sometimes shed them.

B) Cancer cells have

less surface receptors needed for proper activation of Tcells.

C) Cancer cells have

enough %u201Cself%u201D surface markers as to be identified asnormal cells.

D) Cancer cells develop

from normal cells that cannot regulate cell division.

E) all of the above are

correct.

69) Theultimate goal of the male reproductive system is to

A) ensure thatsperm is produced at the correct time,

coinciding with ovulation.

B) releasesperm into the female's reproductive system.

C) join spermwith an egg, in an environment that favors

fertilization.

D) producelarge numbers of sperm.

E) maintain thehomeostatic condition of the male's body.

70) Synthesisof new sperm cells occurs in the

A) ductusdeferens.

B)urethra.

C) prostategland.

D) epididymis.

E) seminiferous tubules.

71) Externalgenitalia

of the male reproductive system include(s)

A) theejaculatory duct.

B) the urethraand scrotum.

C) the penisand scrotum.

D) thepenis.

E) the penis,urethra, and ejaculatory duct.

72) The releaseof LH in human males signals that

A) inhibin hasinhibited FHS secretion.

B) thehypothalamus has been stimulated to release inhibin.

C) spermproduction must be reduced.

D) the positivefeedback loop that regulates sperm production

is active.

E) blood levels of

testosterone are low

emeraldjellyfish291

Please check and correct answers that are bolded, thankyou

6. Which vitamin is stored in the tissues?

	A
	B
	C

7. The menstrual occurs within 3 or 4 days of which of thefollowing changes in the blood?

	increase in estrogen and decrease in progesterone
	increase in progesterone and decrease in estrogen
	increase in progesterone and estrogen
	decrease in progesterone and estrogen

8. Which statement regarding sperm production and aging istrue?

	Aging increases the amount of sperm produced
	Aging has a variable effect on the amount of spermproduced.
	Aging causes major changes in sperm cell morphology
	Aging causes major changes in sperm cell function

9. Which of the following is a function of the digestivesystem?

	Helping with speech
	Vitamin A production
	Storing blood in the pancreas
	Producing erythropoietin

10. Thinning of the enamel, decrease in nerve cells, recedinggums and loss of muscle of mastication coordination are consideredto be what type of changes in the mouth?

	Abnormal changes
	Age changes

11. A decline in sexual activity with age is primarilyassociated with what age related changes in the physiology of amale?

	Decline in frequency of use
	Deteriorating self-image
	Medication use
	Changes in blood flow

12. Which of the following conditions is not apathological change that effects the stomach?

	Peptic ulcer
	Atrophic Gastritis
	Acute Gastritis
	Stricture

13. Which of the following is an age related cause for fecalincontinence?

	Laxative use
	Ulcerative colitis
	Colorectal cancer
	Disability
	Stool softener

14. A decrease in lactase secretion is an age related changeassociated with the _____________.

	stomach
	small intestine
	large intestine
	pancreas

15. Which of the following statements regarding atrophicgastritis is true?

	causes overproduction of HCL
	causes overproduction of intrinsic factor
	increase absorption of B12
	increase risk for cancer

16. Functional incontinence may be due to a problem withwhat?

	cognitive function
	autonomic system
	urinary bladder
	urethra

17. Which of the following is not a function of nutrients?

	energy for activities
	raw materials for growth
	buffer to maintain pH
	fluid and electrolyte balance

18. Adenosine triphosphate is produced during all of thefollowing processes, except ______.

	Oxidative phosphorylation
	Kreb's cycle
	Electron transport
	Glycation

19. The digestive system helps create nutritional homeostasis,which of the following is one of the four reasons for nutritionalhomeostasis?

	nutrients are formed to supply the energy for vitalfunctions
	nutrients supply raw materials to synthesize body substances
	nutrients counteract against blood so that volume ismaintained
	nutrients tear down worn out substances for later use

20. Women with _____ percent body fat has an increase risk for ashorter life span and weight related diseases.

	18
	22
	27
	31

21. What amount of protein should be consumed daily by an olderadult?

	.25 gram per kilogram of weight
	.5 gram per kilogram of weight
	.75 gram per kilogram of weight
	1 gram per kilogram of weight

22. Stress incontinence is much more common in women than in menbecause women have which of the following?

	longer urethra
	premenopausal thinning
	weakened structures

23. Which of the following is an age related change affectingthe kidneys?

	increase in weight
	increase in width
	decrease in area
	decrease in volume

24. Postmenopausal decrease in estrogen leads to age relatedchanges of the _________.

	Urethra
	Urinary bladder
	Ureter
	Kidney

25. _______ percent of the working capacity of both kidneys isneeded to maintain homeostasis.

	10
	20
	30
	40

26. Which of the following is considered a treatment for urinaryincontinence?

	surgical removal of the sphincter
	medications to modify bladder function
	electric shock therapy

27. Which reproductive hormone provides a decrease risk ofatherosclerosis?

	testosterone
	relaxin
	estrogen
	follicle stimulating hormone

28. Which form of cancer in the female reproductive system rankssecond in occurrence?

	Ovarian
	Cervical
	Endometrial
	Vaginal

29. Which hormone produced in females seems to stimulate thelibido?

	Estrogen
	Progesterone
	Testosterone
	Luteinizing hormone

30. Which of the following regarding prostate cancer istrue?

	it is related to having benign prostatic hypertrophy
	it is more common in white males
	testing for prostatic specific antigen is sensitive andspecific
	it impairs the function of the liver

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PATH 3610 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Hypercalcaemia, Melanocyte, Peritoneum

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