POPM 3240 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Horizontal Transmission, Unit, Botulism

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champagnerabbit233

8 Dec 2016

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Epidemiology is the study of the frequency, distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations and the application of this study to control health problems. The premise underlying epidemiology is that disease, illness and ill health are not randomly distributed in human populations. Rather, each of us has characteristics that predispose us to or protect us against a variety of diseases. Could be genetic origin or result of exposure to certain environmental hazard. Objectives of epidemiology increase a person"s risk for disease(cid:524) Second to determine the extent of disease found in the community. Third, to study the natural history and prognosis of disease: want to compare results of using new modes of intervention with baseline data in order to determine if our new approaches have been effective. Forth, to evaluate both existing and newly developed preventative and therapeutic measures and modes of health care delivery.

Related Questions

The Whitehall study is a groundâbreaking longitudinal (prospective cohort) study that clearly demonstrated the association between social determinants of health (the social gradient) and morbidity and mortality (cardiovascular disease) in a population of British civil servants (Breeze et al., 2001; Chandola et al., 2008; (Marmot et al., 1978).

Read these papers and answer the following questions.

Question 1: What is the sampling frame for the Whitehall studies?

a. Clinical and mortality records for British civil service employees

b. Employment records for the British civil service

c. 19,029 males for Whitehall I and 10,308 males and females for Whitehall II

d. British civil servants evaluated across seven phases from 1967â2004

Question 2: How was disease risk assessed (data collection and analysis) for the Marmot paper?

a. Data was collected using medical and behavioural questionnaires and clinical examination. Relative risk was calculated to assess disease risk.

b. Data was collected using medical and behavioural questionnaires, a job stress questionnaire and clinical examination. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios and logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios.

c. Data was collected using medical and behavioural questionnaires and clinical examination. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios.

Question 3: How was disease risk assessed (data collection and analysis) for the Breeze paper?

a. Data was collected using medical and behavioural questionnaires and clinical examination. Relative risk was calculated to assess disease risk.

c. Data was collected using medical and behavioural questionnaires and clinical examination. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios.

Question 4: How was disease risk assessed (data collection and analysis) for the Chandola paper?

a. Data was collected using medical and behavioural questionnaires and clinical examination. Relative risk was calculated to assess disease risk.

c. Data was collected using medical and behavioural questionnaires and clinical examination. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios.

Question 5: Select all that apply:

When we consider whether we can generalise the results of these studies to other populations, we need to consider:

a. The gender distribution of the population

b. Ethnic diversity within the population

c. Economic similarity of the population

d. The type of work done by the people in the population

e. Whether the population is in a rural or remote location

f. The class structure of the population

Question 6: Could we use an existing Australian research study cohort, such as the 45 and Up study, to explore the same things as explored in the Whitehall studies? Why/ why not?

1. What is public health and what is its history? What do the concepts of historical, current, and emerging health concerns mean as part of public health?

2.What do morbidity and mortality mean in public health? How do we use these to determine contributory causes of illness, injury, and death?

3.What are the six basic types of public health data and what are some advantages and disadvantages of each?

4.How do the social and behavioral sciences relate to public health?

5.What are the key legal principles that form the basis for public health law?

6.What is a non-communicable disease? Choose one and discuss the risk factors and at least one intervention to modify, reduce, or eliminate risk factors.

7.What is screening and what role does it play in communicable disease prevention?

8.What are the components of an environmental risk assessment? Choose an environmental risk (i.e. pesticides or lead) and apply this to an assessment.

9.Discuss three different public health professionals. What are their roles, where might they work, what is their education and credentialing?

10.Find two in-patient care facilities and two out-patient care facilities in your hometown. What do they do? Who do they serve? Please include a link or address so I may look into the selected facilities.

11.What are three types of insurance available in the US? Who has access to each? (i.e. what are the requirements to utilize or access each type you selected).

12.List the ten essential services of public health (yes, just list).

13.What is the role of public health in emergency preparedness for both man-made and natural disasters?

14.Examine the eight The Millennium Development Goals for 2015. Please list them and for each goal, one objective that has been set to meet that goal (be sure to include the who/what/when/ and where.

1. Biological specimens such as urine, stool and saliva samples can be useful for identifying all of the following, except

A risk factors for disease

B characteristics associated with having the disease

C blood pressure

D presence of disease

2. Abstracts provide a glimpse into the content of an article?

A true

B false

3. Acquisition of evidence for improving clinical and public health practices and policies is an example of a societal benefit of health research?

A true

B false

4. Population health research objectives may include: