PSYC 4750 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Nicotine, Impulsivity, Dopamine Receptor
17 May 2018
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03/22/2018 Lecture 15: Individual Differences in Addiction Continued
Reinstatement
• An increase in seeking behaviour which is precipitated by factors such as drug/food primes,
cues, or stress following extinction
o Priming – recovery of CR produced by brief exposure to the US
o Cue – recovery of response produced by brief exposure to the CS
o Stress – recovery of CR produced by brief exposure to a stressor
Reinstatement – Outcome Priming
• Rats trained to self-administer heroin, then underwent extinction (drug withheld)
• On test, rats injected with a single dose of a drug, then lever pressing (drug still withheld) was
measured
• Found no reinstatement of the drug-seeking behaviour until the heroin dose is large enough
Reinstatement – Stress
• Stress also reinstates drug-seeking behaviour
• Rats trained to self-administer heroin, then lesioned NE bundle
• The lesions did not effect responding during the extinction of heroin-taking behaviour
• Rats with the lesion did not significantly reinstate
Reinstatement – Cue
• Rats were trained to self-administer nicotine
• Rats underwent extinction then presented with nicotine related stimulus
• Conclusion – extinguished behaviours can re-emerge as a result of time, cues (stimuli), the
outcome (drug-priming), stressors, and a change in context (context is key)
Who Develops Addiction?
• What makes less than 4% of the population use drugs?
• Why do only 20% of those people become addicted?
o Personality traits play a large part
o Excitement seeking
▪ Strong correlation between drug using, drinking and sex
▪ These behaviours correlated with high impulsivity
Novelty-Reactivity and Self-Administration Study
• Reactivity to a novel environment is predictive of self-administration of drugs
• Put rats in a box and let them run around, rats are either:
o High reactive to novelty
o Low reactive to novelty
• Then rats are able to administer amphetamine
o Rats highly reactive to novelty administer more drugs than lowly reactive rats
• But previous drug experience can change the amount of drugs administered, regardless of their
reactivity to novelty
o If low reactive rats are sensitized to amphetamine beforehand, they are equally likely to
administer the same amount of the drug as high reactive rats
• The reactivity to novelty is related to the likelihood to initiate drug use
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Document Summary
03/22/2018 lecture 15: individual differences in addiction continued. Reinstatement stress: stress also reinstates drug-seeking behaviour, rats trained to self-administer heroin, then lesioned ne bundle, the lesions did not effect responding during the extinction of heroin-taking behaviour, rats with the lesion did not significantly reinstate. In both iterations of the dsm, all criteria (aside from tolerance and withdrawal) can be explained as a loss of inhibition even though it is the official label for only four of the criteria in the dsm-v. Impulsivity, dopamine, and self-administration: 5 choice serial reaction time task, rats with high impulsivity were shown to have lower amounts of dopamine receptor availability. Impulsivity, punishment, and relapse: used a seeking-taking task of self-administration. If amount of serotonin is increased, compulsive behaviour decreases: reduction of drug-seeking behaviour that continues in spite of punishment, high impulsive rats are not the same as the compulsive rats.
