BGEN 3020 Lecture Notes - Viscosity, Allergen, Hemolytic Disease Of The Newborn

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lilacgiraffe554

24 Feb 2013

School

University of Manitoba

Department

Biochem. and Medical Genetics

Course

BGEN 3020

Professor

Jason Leboe- Mcgowan

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Document Summary

Normally, there is an anti ab igg ab which can cross the placenta, and attack an a or b rbc. So, there could be a problem in the very first pregnancy. Example: mom is blood group o negative and baby is blood group a negative. Just the blood groups, since the mom is o while baby is a. The mom is o, she has anti ab igg, which will cross the placenta; the a part of the ab will attach to the a part of the a cells of the baby"s. When the baby is born the baby, it will have a mild anemia and jaundice. Mcc jaundice in the first 24 hrs for a newborn = Abo incompatibility (not physiologic jaundice of the newborn that starts on day 3). B/c the baby"s liver cannot conjugate bilirubin yet and must handle unconjugated bilirubin on its own now, so it builds up.

Related Questions

The A antigen (the protein that makes A blood A blood) is embedded in the red blood cell (RBC) membrane. Blood group A individuals will automatically carry antibodies (proteins that are in the blood plasma-liquid part of blood) that will attack blood group B cells. Blood group B individuals will carry antibodies that will attack blood group A cells. Blood group O individuals, lacking either of the A or B antigens will carry BOTH types of antibodies and will attack either A or B cells. When there is a transfusion with incompatible blood groups, cells can clump creating blockages in arteries throughout the body. Other pathways can lead to the lysing of RBCâs which will release their contents into the bloodstream elevating these component in the blood which can have sever effects on the heart (potassium primarily-in case you are interested).

Remember, the Rh is a typical one gene, two allele scenario. Rh+ blood can accept Rh+ or Rh- blood. A person with Rh- blood can only receive Rh- blood. Unlike ABO where an individual manufactures the antibody to an antigen they lack without prior exposure, the Rh factor requires previous exposure to illicit an immune response. If a Rh- person is exposed to Rh+ blood, the individual will create the antibody against the Rh antigen. Now, if Rh+ blood is introduced into this individual again, the recipientâs blood contains anti-Rh antibodies and will attack the Rh+ cells-Bad news for the recipient. This is the same thing that happens with an Rh- mom who gets pregnant with an Rh+ baby. By the time the first Rh+ baby is born and blood mixing may have occurred during late pregnancy (small breaks in the placenta can cause some of babyâs blood to mix with that of mom), first baby escapes unharmed. Subsequent babies arenât so lucky.

If there are small tears in the placenta (which are normal), momâs anti Rh antibodies can go in and attack the Rh+ babyâs blood. This can kill the baby. Now, Rh- moms are given a substance that will coat the babyâs RBCâ; kind of like putting them into stealth mode so they canât be seen by momâs immune system. Later-poof, out pops unaffected baby.

1. What blood type(s) can be given to an A positive individual?

2. If you have B negative blood, what blood types can you receive?

3. What blood types can an O negative receive? O positive?

4. If a man is blood group B and his wife is blood group A what blood type(s) are you 100% sure they could produce in their children?

5. If you have a blood group O father and a blood group B mother, can they produce an O child? Explain your answer.

6. You have a male friend who is blood group AB. He is successful in business but knows very little about biology. His wife just had an O child. Knowing that you have been studying the genetics of blood groups, he asks you for an education on blood groups. What do you think about this situation?

7. A woman is AB and her husband is A. They have a B child. What are all the blood groups possible in their children if he is heterozygous?

8. A woman is Rh- and her husband is Rh+. Their first baby is Rh-. What is the genotype, with respect to Rh, of the parents? What is the probability their next child will be Rh+? Does the woman have to worry about any issues with future children? Explain!

6- With respect to a group A Rh (D) Positive patient who has been transfused with group O Rh (D) Negative red cells during the medical evacuation. What blood would you select for subsequent STAT transfusion?

* Group O Rh (D) Positive red cells.

* Group A Rh (D) Positive red cells.

* Group A Rh (D) Negative red cells

* Group O Rh (D) Positive red cells.

7- result of a direct anti-globulin test after a delayed transfusion reaction may be:

* Mixed-field.

* All of the alternatives.

* Positive with anti-C3d AHG but not anti-IgG AHG

* Positive.

* Negative.

8- in an emergency when there is insufficient time for normal pretransfusion testing which of the following should be issued without waiting for the results of a crossmatch?

* O Rh (D) Positive whole blood.

* O Rh (D) Positive packed cells.

* O Rh (D) Negative packed cells or modified whole blood.

* O Rh (D) Negative whole blood.

9- A patient presents for a 4 unit crossmatch. The patients blood group is AB Rh (D) Positive. You have the following units of blood available. 10 units of group O Rh (D) Positive, 6 units of group O Rh (D) Negative, 8 units of A Rh (D) Postive units. What units would you select for the crossmatch?

* 4 units of group O Neg.

* Ring the NHSBT and urgently request four units of AB Pos

* 2 units of O Pos and 2 units of O Neg.

* 4 units of A Pos.

10- You carry out an ABO and Rh grouping on a six cord bloods. Three of the cord bloods group as AB Rh (D) Positive. What steps would you take before reporting these results?

* Work out the statistical probability of such an occurrence, and if p<0.05 accept the results

* Do another ABO Rh check. If the same, report.

* Wash the cord blood cells in saline, and then repeat the groups.

* Check the maternal and paternal blood groups.

As we discussed in âlectureâ, Rh is the most complex of the blood group types, involving at least 45 different antigens. The most clinically important antigen, D or RhO, is encoded by the gene RhD which is found on chromosome 1. Individuals that are Rh-positive have either one or two RhD genes, whereas the Rh-negative phenotype is caused by the absence of the RhD gene. (The antithetical allele d does not exist, however the letter "d" is used to indicate the D-negative phenotype). For the purpose of this homework, we will simplify things. Assume that the Rh blood group has only two alleles: the Rh-positive allele (D) and the Rh-negative allele (d). Erythroblastosis fetalis (EF) is a condition that causes the mother's red blood cells to attack those of the baby as if they were any foreign invaders. It is referred to as hemolytic anemia of the newborn. It is caused by anti-Rh antibodies from the mother which pass through the placenta and attack fetal blood cells that happen to be Rh-positive. Babies that are at risk for this condition are those with Rh-positive blood, whose mothers are Rh-negative (dd).

Consider a population under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, where the frequency of the Rh-negative allele, d, is 0.3. What is the frequency of crosses that could potentially produce children with erythroblastosis fetalis?

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BGEN 3020 Lecture Notes - Viscosity, Allergen, Hemolytic Disease Of The Newborn

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