BIOL 1030 Lecture 9: Biology 1020-lecture 9

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bluecod775

5 Apr 2018

School

University of Manitoba

Department

Biological Sciences

Course

BIOL 1030

Professor

Kevin G.Scott

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BIOL 1030 Full Course Notes

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Summary: mitochondria is where cellular respiration occurs and where atp is formed in eukaryotes, mitochondria are rod shaped structure found in both animal and plant cells. It has the outer membrane and the inner membrane. The membranes are made up of phospholipids and proteins: outer membrane. It is smooth and is composed of equal amounts of phospholipids and proteins. It has a large number of special proteins known as the porins. The porins are integral membrane proteins and they allow the movement of molecules that are of 5000 daltons or less in weight to pass through it. The outer membrane is freely permeable to nutrient molecules, ions, energy molecules like the atp and adp molecules. The inner membrane of mitochondria is more complex in structure. It is folded into a number of folds many times and is known as the cristae. This folding help to increase the surface ares inside the organelle.

Related Questions

QUESTION 1

Which of the following statements about the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is false?

	a.	It resists attachment of the bacterial chromosome to its inner surface.
	b.	It contains a protein complex that drives ATP synthesis.
	c.	It is asymmetric.
	d.	It consists of relatively equal amounts of phospholipids and proteins.

1 points

QUESTION 2

Which of the following statements regarding Mycobacteria is false?

	a.	The genome has relatively low Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C) content.
	b.	The cytoplasmic membrane is surrounded by a polymer (peptidoglycan) consisting of alternating N-Acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-Acetylmuramic (NAM) acid units.
	c.	It infects approximately one-third of the global human population.
	d.	It has a Gram-positive cell wall with an additional waxy lipid layer of mycolic acid.

1 points

QUESTION 3

Which of the following outer membrane porins enables Mycobacteria to adapt to acidic and intracellular environments, and shows homology to outer membrane porin A?

	a.	OmpATb.
	b.	OmpA.
	c.	MspA.
	d.	Lipid A.

1 points

QUESTION 4

Based on your understanding of bacterial membranes, which of the following is not likely to be found in an E. coli outer membrane?

	a.	Membrane-anchored enzymes.
	b.	Mycolic acid.
	c.	Lipopolysaccharide.
	d.	Porin channels.

1 points

QUESTION 5

Based on the conclusions of this paper, which of the following statements would the author most likely disagree with?

	a.	Some archaeon do not contain all of the genes essential for life.
	b.	The membrane structures of prokaryotes show far greater diversity than those of eukaryotes.
	c.	As demonstrated in this definitive report, scientists have a great understanding of the majority of basic functions and evolution of bacterial membranes.
	d.	The outer membrane (and its associated components) of archaea, Gram-negative bacteria, and Gram-positive bacteria likely evolved independently of one another.

1 points

QUESTION 6

Which of the following is not true for Gram-negative, acid-fast, and archaeal membranes?

	a.	They modify their lipid content in response to environmental changes.
	b.	They have co-evolved the same outer membrane composition and structure.
	c.	They all have a cytoplasmic membrane.
	d.	Membrane transport proteins regulate nutrient uptake and waste removal.

1 points

QUESTION 7

Compared to Mycobacteria, Gram-negative bacterium contain:

	a.	More mycolic acid.
	b.	Pores of increased length.
	c.	Less peptidoglycan.
	d.	50-fold-lower numbers of porins.

1 points

QUESTION 8

Archaea are found to survive in strongly acidic lakes compared to bacteria and Eukaryotes. Which of the following supports this claim according to the study?

	a.	The presence of L-glycerol ether linked lipids in Archaea membranes.
	b.	The presence of D-glycerol ether linked lipids in Archaea membranes.
	c.	The presence of L-glycerol ester linked peptidoglycans in Archaea membranes.
	d.	The presence of L-glycerol ester linked lipids in Archaea membranes.

1 points

QUESTION 9

Based on your understanding of the symbiotic relationship between Nanoarchaeum equitans and Ignicoccus, which of the following below is not true?

	a.	The membrane lipids of N. equitans are synthesized by Ignoccocus.
	b.	In exchange for membrane lipids, N. equitans provide Ignicoccus with many essential cytoplasmic enzymes.
	c.	N. equitans lack enzymes capable of catalyzing lipid biosynthesis.
	d.	Intraperiplasmic vesicles produced by Ignicoccus allow for lipid transfer to N. equitans.

1 points

QUESTION 10

What is the role of hydrogen bonds in bacteria, as mentioned in the article?

	a.	They mediate transmembrane electron flow.
	b.	They mediate lipid biosynthesis.
	c.	They help to stabilize the cytoplasmic membrane.
	d.	They are responsible for the selective permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane.

The non-polar core of a membrane bilayer is found to be 3.4 nmin thickness. From studies of protein structure, we know that eachamino acid residue in a beta strand extends the length of thestrand by 0.35 nm on average (twists in the strand may cause somevariation in this length, but we will ignore these for now.) Usingthis information, answer the following questions:

a.What is the minimal number ofamino acids that must be found in a transmembrane ?-strand thatspans the non-polar core of the membrane? (Your answer should be awhole number.)

b. Porins are large channel proteins found in bacteria and inthe outer mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotes. The human porin(also known as the VDAC = voltage-dependent anion channel) has 19transmembrane ?-strands that form a ?-barrel. The porin protein isformed by 283 amino acids. Approximately what percentage of theamino acids (to the nearest whole number) are found in thetransmembrane segments?

c.At the N-terminus of thepolypeptide, there is a segment of 25 amino acids that extends outfrom the membrane and is not part of a ?-strand. Only 1 amino acidextends beyond the membrane surface at the C-terminus. Assumingthat the remaining amino acids form connecting loops of random coilbetween the ?-strands, on average, about how many amino acids arefound in each loop? (Your answer does not need to be a whole numberin this case, but do not exceed one decimal place.)

amethystmallard140

. The non-polar core of a membrane bilayer is found to be 3.4 nmin thickness. From studies of protein structure, we know that eachamino acid residue in a beta strand extends the length of thestrand by 0.35 nm on average (twists in the strand may cause somevariation in this length, but we will ignore these for now.) Usingthis information, answer the following questions:

a. (1 pts) What is the minimal number of amino acids that mustbe found in a transmembrane ?-strand that spans the non-polar coreof the membrane? (Your answer should be a whole number.)

b. (2 pts) Porins are large channel proteins found in bacteriaand in the outer mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotes. The humanporin (also known as the VDAC = voltage-dependent anion channel)has 19 transmembrane ?-strands that form a ?-barrel. The porinprotein is formed by 283 amino acids. Approximately what percentageof the amino acids (to the nearest whole number) are found in thetransmembrane segments?

c. (2 pts) At the N-terminus of the polypeptide, there is asegment of 25 amino acids that extends out from the membrane and isnot part of a ?-strand. Only 1 amino acid extends beyond themembrane surface at the C-terminus. Assuming that the remainingamino acids form connecting loops of random coil between the?-strands, on average, about how many amino acids are found in eachloop? (Your answer does not need to be a whole number in this case,but do not exceed one decimal place.)

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BIOL 1030 Lecture 9: Biology 1020-lecture 9

BIOL 1030 Full Course Notes

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