BIOL 1030 Lecture Notes - Motility, Charophyta, Starch
7 May 2018
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Lecture 22: Introduction to Land Plants
Bryophytes: small plants needing to be close to water (Liverworts)!
"Vascular plants (Tracheophytes): have one phase with vascular tissue, is a water-
conducting plant. !
"Evolved from aquatic green algae, based on fossil records; cellulose cell walls, starch,
photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids), molecular systematics (DNA,
coding for pigments).!
"Charophytes are the ancestors, aquatic green algae. !
Land Plants:!
1. Haplo-diplontic life cycle (sporophyte 2n, gametophyte n)
Sporophyte: Multicellular and diploid phase, derived from zygote by mitosis!
"Life cycle function: within sporangia (diploid), sporophyte cells undergo meiosis to
become spores!
Gametophyte: Multicellular and haploid stage, derived by mitosis from a haploid ‘spore’.
Spores germinate to produce a multicellular phase, the gametophyte.
"Life cycle function: within gametangia produce gametes, these are produced by mitosis!
Egg, archegonia (female gametangia): egg cells are produced by mitosis!
Antheridia (male gametangia) : sperm are produced by mitosis!
"Production of gametes is separated by time as to avoid self-fertilization and free-water
is required for dispersal (restriction to certain areas).
2. Oogamy: differentiation into male and female gametes
•Production of a large, non-motile gamete (egg) and a small, sperm cell that is motile.
•Sperm are transported by 2 modes of transportation (primitive, Bryophytes and Ferns)
-By water: flagellated sperm
-By pollen tube: advanced, also seen in seed plants
-Production of pollen in the male gametophyte, developing into a pollen tube to fertilize
the egg.
•Syngamy (fertilization): occurs within the archegonium (within the female)
•Zygote: grows in the archegonium, female retains the zygote, zygote divides by mitosis to
develop into a multicellular organism, receives nutrients (via placenta), and protection from
parental plant.
3. Apical meristems:
-Localized regions of cell growth
-Divide to produce new tissue by mitosis:
•Vascular plants (ferns, seed plants):
-Sporophyte: RAM and SAM
-Bryophyte: Thallus, and lacks roots, stems, and leaves.
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Document Summary
Bryophytes: small plants needing to be close to water (liverworts) Vascular plants (tracheophytes): have one phase with vascular tissue, is a water- Evolved from aquatic green algae, based on fossil records; cellulose cell walls, starch, Charophytes are the ancestors, aquatic green algae. conducting plant. photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids), molecular systematics (dna, coding for pigments). Land plants: haplo-diplontic life cycle (sporophyte 2n, gametophyte n) Sporophyte: multicellular and diploid phase, derived from zygote by mitosis become spores. Gametophyte: multicellular and haploid stage, derived by mitosis from a haploid spore". Spores germinate to produce a multicellular phase, the gametophyte. Egg, archegonia (female gametangia): egg cells are produced by mitosis. Antheridia (male gametangia) : sperm are produced by mitosis is required for dispersal (restriction to certain areas): oogamy: differentiation into male and female gametes. Life cycle function: within sporangia (diploid), sporophyte cells undergo meiosis to. Production of gametes is separated by time as to avoid self-fertilization and free-water.
